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Heliocentric model of the solar system.

Improvements to the telescope, observations that supported the Copernican theory, and laws of motion.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

Laws of motion, universal gravitation, and calculus.

Detailed astronomical observations which laid the foundation for Kepler’s laws.

Founder of modern human anatomy.

Boyle's Law relating volume and pressure of gases.

Improvement of the microscope and discoveries in the field of microbiology.

Description of the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.

Electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis.

Co-inventor of calculus, refinement of the binary number system, and various philosophical works.

Law of conservation of mass, identification of oxygen and hydrogen, and help systematize chemical nomenclature.

Development of the Linnaean taxonomy which underpins the system of classifying organisms in biology.

Foundations of modern optics, experimental physics, and scientific methodology.

Cartesian coordinate system, which laid the foundation for analytic geometry.

Wave theory of light, construction of the first pendulum clock, and the discovery of Saturn's moon Titan.

Invention of the barometer and advancements in fluid mechanics.

Law of elasticity (Hooke's Law), suggesting that the force needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance.

Invention of the voltaic pile and discovery of methane.

Laws of inheritance and the foundations of modern genetics.

Ohm's Law which states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

Maxwell's equations which describe the fundamentals of electricity and magnetism.

Formulation of Ampère's law which relates magnetic fields to the electric currents that produce them.

Creation of the Periodic Table of Elements, which organized elements according to their atomic mass and properties.

Discovery of the cell, the law of elasticity (Hooke's Law), contributions to astronomy, and fossil work.

Demonstration of the Foucault pendulum, which provides visual proof of Earth's rotation, and measurements of the speed of light.

Discovery of radioactivity through his work with uranium salts.

Discovery of X-rays.

Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules.