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Great Philosophers of Europe
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Plato
Philosophy: Theory of Forms, founder of the Academy. Notable works: The Republic, Symposium, Phaedo.
Aristotle
Philosophy: Empiricism, virtue ethics. Notable works: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Politics.
René Descartes
Philosophy: Cartesian dualism, rationalism. Notable works: Meditations on First Philosophy, Discourse on Method.
Immanuel Kant
Philosophy: Transcendental idealism, deontological ethics. Notable works: Critique of Pure Reason, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosophy: Nihilism, Will to power, critique of religion. Notable works: Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil.
Jean-Paul Sartre
Philosophy: Existentialism, phenomenology. Notable works: Being and Nothingness, No Exit, Nausea.
Karl Marx
Philosophy: Marxism, conflict theory. Notable works: The Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital.
Soren Kierkegaard
Philosophy: Existentialism, leap of faith. Notable works: Fear and Trembling, Either/Or.
David Hume
Philosophy: Empiricism, skepticism. Notable works: A Treatise of Human Nature, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Philosophy: Language and its limits. Notable works: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Philosophical Investigations.
John Locke
Philosophy: Tabula rasa, social contract theory. Notable works: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Two Treatises of Government.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosophy: Social contract theory, absolutism. Notable works: Leviathan, De Cive.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Philosophy: Absolute idealism, dialectics. Notable works: Phenomenology of Spirit, Science of Logic.
Michel Foucault
Philosophy: Post-structuralism, critique of power. Notable works: Discipline and Punish, The History of Sexuality.
Baruch Spinoza
Philosophy: Rationalism, monism. Notable works: Ethics, Theological-Political Treatise.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Philosophy: Optimism, metaphysical idealism. Notable works: Monadology, Discourse on Metaphysics.
Martin Heidegger
Philosophy: Existential phenomenology, hermeneutics. Notable works: Being and Time, The Question Concerning Technology.
Blaise Pascal
Philosophy: Fideism, Pascal's wager. Notable works: Pensées, Provincial Letters.
Voltaire
Philosophy: Enlightenment philosophy, advocacy of civil liberties. Notable works: Candide, Letters on the English.
Hannah Arendt
Philosophy: Totalitarianism, the concept of evil. Notable works: The Origins of Totalitarianism, Eichmann in Jerusalem.
Arthur Schopenhauer
Philosophy: Pessimism, metaphysics of will. Notable works: The World as Will and Representation, On the Suffering of the World.
Edmund Husserl
Philosophy: Phenomenology, transcendental phenomenology. Notable works: Logical Investigations, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology.
Simone de Beauvoir
Philosophy: Existential feminism. Notable works: The Second Sex, She Came to Stay.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Philosophy: Social contract, romanticism. Notable works: The Social Contract, Emile, or On Education.
Giambattista Vico
Philosophy: Early enlightenment philosophy, philosophy of history. Notable works: Scienza Nuova (The New Science).
Alain de Botton
Philosophy: Popular philosophy, applying philosophy to everyday life. Notable works: The Consolations of Philosophy, How Proust Can Change Your Life.
Friedrich Engels
Philosophy: Marxism, dialectical materialism. Notable works: The Condition of the Working Class in England, Anti-Dühring.
G.W.F. Hegel
Philosophy: Idealism, dialectical method. Notable works: The Phenomenology of Spirit, Elements of the Philosophy of Right.
Michel de Montaigne
Philosophy: Skepticism, reflection on the human condition. Notable works: Essays.
Peter Singer
Philosophy: Animal ethics, effective altruism. Notable works: Animal Liberation, The Life You Can Save.
Thomas Aquinas
Philosophy: Scholasticism, natural law. Notable works: Summa Theologica, Summa contra Gentiles.
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