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Great Philosophers of Europe

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Plato

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Philosophy: Theory of Forms, founder of the Academy. Notable works: The Republic, Symposium, Phaedo.

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Aristotle

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Philosophy: Empiricism, virtue ethics. Notable works: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Politics.

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René Descartes

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Philosophy: Cartesian dualism, rationalism. Notable works: Meditations on First Philosophy, Discourse on Method.

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Immanuel Kant

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Philosophy: Transcendental idealism, deontological ethics. Notable works: Critique of Pure Reason, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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Philosophy: Nihilism, Will to power, critique of religion. Notable works: Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil.

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Jean-Paul Sartre

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Philosophy: Existentialism, phenomenology. Notable works: Being and Nothingness, No Exit, Nausea.

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Karl Marx

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Philosophy: Marxism, conflict theory. Notable works: The Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital.

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Soren Kierkegaard

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Philosophy: Existentialism, leap of faith. Notable works: Fear and Trembling, Either/Or.

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David Hume

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Philosophy: Empiricism, skepticism. Notable works: A Treatise of Human Nature, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Philosophy: Language and its limits. Notable works: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Philosophical Investigations.

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John Locke

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Philosophy: Tabula rasa, social contract theory. Notable works: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Two Treatises of Government.

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Thomas Hobbes

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Philosophy: Social contract theory, absolutism. Notable works: Leviathan, De Cive.

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

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Philosophy: Absolute idealism, dialectics. Notable works: Phenomenology of Spirit, Science of Logic.

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Michel Foucault

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Philosophy: Post-structuralism, critique of power. Notable works: Discipline and Punish, The History of Sexuality.

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Baruch Spinoza

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Philosophy: Rationalism, monism. Notable works: Ethics, Theological-Political Treatise.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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Philosophy: Optimism, metaphysical idealism. Notable works: Monadology, Discourse on Metaphysics.

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Martin Heidegger

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Philosophy: Existential phenomenology, hermeneutics. Notable works: Being and Time, The Question Concerning Technology.

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Blaise Pascal

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Philosophy: Fideism, Pascal's wager. Notable works: Pensées, Provincial Letters.

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Voltaire

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Philosophy: Enlightenment philosophy, advocacy of civil liberties. Notable works: Candide, Letters on the English.

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Hannah Arendt

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Philosophy: Totalitarianism, the concept of evil. Notable works: The Origins of Totalitarianism, Eichmann in Jerusalem.

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Arthur Schopenhauer

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Philosophy: Pessimism, metaphysics of will. Notable works: The World as Will and Representation, On the Suffering of the World.

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Edmund Husserl

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Philosophy: Phenomenology, transcendental phenomenology. Notable works: Logical Investigations, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology.

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Simone de Beauvoir

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Philosophy: Existential feminism. Notable works: The Second Sex, She Came to Stay.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Philosophy: Social contract, romanticism. Notable works: The Social Contract, Emile, or On Education.

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Giambattista Vico

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Philosophy: Early enlightenment philosophy, philosophy of history. Notable works: Scienza Nuova (The New Science).

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Alain de Botton

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Philosophy: Popular philosophy, applying philosophy to everyday life. Notable works: The Consolations of Philosophy, How Proust Can Change Your Life.

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Friedrich Engels

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Philosophy: Marxism, dialectical materialism. Notable works: The Condition of the Working Class in England, Anti-Dühring.

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G.W.F. Hegel

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Philosophy: Idealism, dialectical method. Notable works: The Phenomenology of Spirit, Elements of the Philosophy of Right.

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Michel de Montaigne

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Philosophy: Skepticism, reflection on the human condition. Notable works: Essays.

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Peter Singer

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Philosophy: Animal ethics, effective altruism. Notable works: Animal Liberation, The Life You Can Save.

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Thomas Aquinas

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Philosophy: Scholasticism, natural law. Notable works: Summa Theologica, Summa contra Gentiles.

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