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1066 AD, The Norman Conquest of England, which dramatically changed the course of English history.

1347-1351 AD, The bubonic plague that killed an estimated one-third of Europe's population.

800 AD, Marked the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire and the Carolingian Renaissance.

1096-1099 AD, A military expedition by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant.

1215 AD, A charter that limited the powers of the English king and laid the groundwork for modern democracy.

1337-1453 AD, A series of conflicts waged between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France.

1054 AD, The division of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

711-1492 AD, The series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors) who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula.

1088 AD, The oldest university in continuous operation, and the birth of the institution of the university in the Western world.

793 AD, Marked the beginning of the Viking Age and the Norse expansion.

732 AD, A decisive victory by the Franks under Charles Martel over the invading Islamic army led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi.

1209-1229 AD, A 20-year military campaign initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc.

1066 AD, The invasion and occupation of England by the Normans led by Duke William II of Normandy.

1076-1122 AD, The most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe over the ability to appoint local church officials.

1099 AD, The climax of the First Crusade, resulting in the capture of Jerusalem by Crusader forces.

1086 AD, A record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed by order of King William the Conqueror.

1212 AD, A disastrous popular crusade by European Christians to regain the Holy Lands said to have been led by children.

1381 AD, A major uprising across large parts of England caused by socio-economic and political tensions.

1225-1274 AD, A Dominican friar, philosopher, and theologian who shaped Western philosophy and theology.

8th-9th centuries AD, A period of cultural and intellectual revival in Europe occurring during the reign of the Carolingian dynasty.

Begins in the 12th century AD, A group of institutions within the Catholic Church aimed at combating heresy.

11th century AD, A series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII focused on church corruption and the autonomy of the papacy.

Begins in the 12th century AD, An architectural style characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for taller buildings and larger windows.

1176 AD, The battle in which the Lombard League defeated Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and ensured the independence of Italian city-states.

1215 AD, One of the most important ecclesiastical councils in the history of the Church, called by Pope Innocent III.

1254-1324 AD, Venetian merchant and explorer whose travels to Asia were recorded in 'The Travels of Marco Polo'.

1455 AD, The first book printed with movable type by Johannes Gutenberg, marking the start of the Printing Revolution.

12th century AD onwards, A movement that aimed to revive Gothic architecture, art, and culture.

1356 AD, A decree issued by Emperor Charles IV which outlined the fundamental constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.

Late 12th century AD onwards, A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.

Medieval ideology, A moral system which went beyond rules of combat and introduced the concept of chivalrous conduct.

1414-1418 AD, The council that ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V.

1314 AD, A significant Scottish victory over the English during the First War of Scottish Independence.

1098-1179 AD, A German Benedictine abbess known for her contributions to music, theology, and medicine.

1412-1431 AD, French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War.