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Wars of the Roses: People and Battles
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Henry VI
King of England, whose bouts of insanity and weak leadership contributed to the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses; his reign saw the loss of the English territories in France and the rise of the Yorkist challenge.
Richard Duke of York
Leader of the Yorkist faction, he initially served as a protector during Henry VI's bouts of insanity but later claimed the throne himself; died at the Battle of Wakefield.
Edward IV
Son of Richard Duke of York and key figure in the Yorkist victory, he became king after the Battle of Towton and reigned during a period of relative stability, excluding the brief readeption of Henry VI.
Richard III
Last Yorkist king of England, his short reign was marked by turmoil and he died in the Battle of Bosworth Field, which ended the Wars of the Roses and led to the Tudor dynasty.
Margaret of Anjou
Wife of Henry VI, she was a principal leader in the Lancastrian cause, particularly during her husband's incapacity; her son Edward of Westminster's death ended the direct Lancastrian line.
Warwick the Kingmaker
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, played a key role in the Yorkist victories and Edward IV's ascension but later switched sides due to political disagreements, ultimately dying in the Battle of Barnet.
Battle of St Albans (1455)
First battle of the Wars of the Roses, which resulted in a Yorkist victory and the capture of King Henry VI by the forces of the Duke of York.
Battle of Towton (1461)
Yorkist victory that was among the conflict's largest and bloodiest battles, it led to Edward IV's ascension and Henry VI's ousting from the throne.
Battle of Barnet (1471)
A vital Yorkist victory which saw the death of Warwick the Kingmaker and helped secure Edward IV's position on the throne following his return from exile.
Battle of Tewkesbury (1471)
Decisive Yorkist victory that resulted in the death of Edward, Prince of Wales, the Lancastrian heir, and led to the capture of Margaret of Anjou, effectively ending the Lancastrian resistance.
Battle of Bosworth Field (1485)
The final significant battle of the Wars of the Roses in which Henry Tudor defeated Richard III, leading to the end of the Plantagenet dynasty and the rise of the Tudors.
Henry Tudor (Henry VII)
Founder of the Tudor dynasty; his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field against Richard III ended the Wars of the Roses and began the rule of the Tudor family over England.
Edward of Westminster
Only son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, he was the Lancastrian heir and was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury, extinguishing the direct male Lancastrian line of succession.
Battle of Wakefield (1460)
A Lancastrian victory during which Richard Duke of York was killed, this battle presented a temporary setback for the Yorkists.
Elizabeth Woodville
Queen consort as the wife of Edward IV and mother of the two princes who disappeared in the Tower of London; her marriage to Edward IV helped to cause factional strife within the Yorkist cause.
The Princes in the Tower
Edward V and his brother Richard, Duke of York, were the two sons of Edward IV whose disappearance and presumed murder remain one of the enduring mysteries of the period, leading to Richard III’s controversial ascension.
Battle of Edgecote Moor (1469)
Battle fought during Warwick's rebellion against Edward IV; resulted in a temporary imprisonment of Edward IV and a brief resurgence of the Lancastrian cause.
Battle of Barnet (1471) - Hint Distinction
Held on Easter Sunday and marked by the confusion caused by fog and the mistaken identity of ally and enemy forces, leading to the defeat of Warwick the Kingmaker.
The Readeption of Henry VI
Short-lived period during which Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne in 1470-1471, due to the machinations of Warwick the Kingmaker.
Jasper Tudor
Uncle of Henry Tudor (Henry VII), he played a significant role in securing Henry's succession to the throne and continued to serve as an advisor during Henry VII's reign.
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