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Historical European Kingdoms and Empires
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Roman Empire
27 BC - 476 AD; the spread of Roman law and culture, the Pax Romana, the construction of the Colosseum
Byzantine Empire
330 AD - 1453 AD; the preservation of Greek and Roman texts, the construction of the Hagia Sophia, the East-West Schism
Holy Roman Empire
962 AD - 1806 AD; the Investiture Controversy, the reign of Charlemagne, the Peace of Westphalia
Carolingian Empire
800 AD - 888 AD; the Carolingian Renaissance, the Treaty of Verdun, the crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor
Ottoman Empire
1299 AD - 1922 AD; the conquest of Constantinople, the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the battles of Lepanto and Vienna
Frankish Kingdom
481 AD - 843 AD; the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, the Battle of Tours, the spread of Christianity
Kingdom of England
927 AD - 1707 AD; the Norman Conquest, the signing of the Magna Carta, the establishment of the English common law
Kingdom of Scotland
843 AD - 1707 AD; the Wars of Scottish Independence, the reign of Robert the Bruce, the Act of Union that merged with the Kingdom of England
Kingdom of France
486 AD - 1792 AD; the Hundred Years' War, the rise of the absolute monarchy under Louis XIV, the French Revolution
Kingdom of Spain
1479 AD - 1873 AD; the completion of the Reconquista, the Spanish Inquisition, the colonization of the Americas
Kingdom of Portugal
1139 AD - 1910 AD; the Age of Discoveries, the Treaty of Tordesillas, the foundation of the Portuguese overseas empire
Habsburg Monarchy
1526 AD - 1804 AD; the rise of Habsburg power in Europe, the reign of Maria Theresa, the War of the Spanish Succession
Austrian Empire
1804 AD - 1867 AD; the Congress of Vienna, the suppression of nationalistic revolts in 1848, the Austro-Prussian War
Kingdom of Hungary
1000 AD - 1918 AD; the Golden Bull of 1222, the Battle of Mohács, the Compromise of 1867 creating the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Kingdom of Italy
1861 AD - 1946 AD; the Risorgimento, the reign of Victor Emmanuel II, the participation in both World Wars
Kingdom of the Lombards
568 AD - 774 AD; the Lombard invasion of Italy, the rule of Authari and Agilulf, the conquest by Charlemagne
Republic of Venice
697 AD - 1797 AD; the Fourth Crusade, the Battle of Lepanto, the maritime trade and wealth in the Mediterranean
Kingdom of Prussia
1701 AD - 1918 AD; the militarization of Prussian society, the unification of Germany, the reign of Frederick the Great
Kingdom of Norway
872 AD - 1397 AD and 1905 AD - present; the Viking Age, the union with Denmark and Sweden, gaining independence from Sweden in 1905
Kingdom of Sweden
c.970 AD - present; the establishment of a unified kingdom, the era of Great Power, the signing of the Act of Union with Norway
Tsardom of Russia
1547 AD - 1721 AD; the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Time of Troubles, the Romanov dynasty's ascendance
Kingdom of Denmark
c. 960 AD - present; the formation of the Danish constitution, the loss of territories through the Treaty of Kiel, the Danish Golden Age
Kingdom of the Netherlands
1815 AD - present; the Belgian Revolution, the Dutch Golden Age, the North Sea flood of 1953
Kingdom of Belgium
1831 AD - present; the Belgian Revolution, Leopold II and the Congo Free State, the involvement in World War I
Kingdom of Greece
1832 AD - present; the Greek War of Independence, the reign of King Otto, the Greek military junta of 1967-1974
Austro-Hungarian Empire
1867 AD - 1918 AD; Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary, the Annexation of Bosnia, World War I and the empire's subsequent dissolution
Norman Kingdom of Sicily
1130 AD - 1198 AD; the Norman conquest of southern Italy, the reign of Roger II, the unique blend of Norman, Byzantine, and Arab influences
Kingdom of Naples
1282 AD - 1816 AD; the Sicilian Vespers, frequent dynastic changes, the Napoleonic Wars leading to its merger with the Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1816 AD - 1861 AD; the cultural and economic prominence of Southern Italy, the revolutions of 1848, the Expedition of the Thousand leading to unification with Italy
Visigothic Kingdom
418 AD - 711 AD; the Code of Euric, the conversion from Arian to Chalcedonian Christianity, the defeat by Moorish invaders in the Battle of Guadalete
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