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Historical European Kingdoms and Empires

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Roman Empire

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27 BC - 476 AD; the spread of Roman law and culture, the Pax Romana, the construction of the Colosseum

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Byzantine Empire

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330 AD - 1453 AD; the preservation of Greek and Roman texts, the construction of the Hagia Sophia, the East-West Schism

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Holy Roman Empire

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962 AD - 1806 AD; the Investiture Controversy, the reign of Charlemagne, the Peace of Westphalia

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Carolingian Empire

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800 AD - 888 AD; the Carolingian Renaissance, the Treaty of Verdun, the crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor

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Ottoman Empire

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1299 AD - 1922 AD; the conquest of Constantinople, the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the battles of Lepanto and Vienna

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Frankish Kingdom

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481 AD - 843 AD; the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, the Battle of Tours, the spread of Christianity

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Kingdom of England

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927 AD - 1707 AD; the Norman Conquest, the signing of the Magna Carta, the establishment of the English common law

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Kingdom of Scotland

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843 AD - 1707 AD; the Wars of Scottish Independence, the reign of Robert the Bruce, the Act of Union that merged with the Kingdom of England

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Kingdom of France

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486 AD - 1792 AD; the Hundred Years' War, the rise of the absolute monarchy under Louis XIV, the French Revolution

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Kingdom of Spain

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1479 AD - 1873 AD; the completion of the Reconquista, the Spanish Inquisition, the colonization of the Americas

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Kingdom of Portugal

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1139 AD - 1910 AD; the Age of Discoveries, the Treaty of Tordesillas, the foundation of the Portuguese overseas empire

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Habsburg Monarchy

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1526 AD - 1804 AD; the rise of Habsburg power in Europe, the reign of Maria Theresa, the War of the Spanish Succession

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Austrian Empire

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1804 AD - 1867 AD; the Congress of Vienna, the suppression of nationalistic revolts in 1848, the Austro-Prussian War

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Kingdom of Hungary

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1000 AD - 1918 AD; the Golden Bull of 1222, the Battle of Mohács, the Compromise of 1867 creating the Austro-Hungarian Empire

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Kingdom of Italy

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1861 AD - 1946 AD; the Risorgimento, the reign of Victor Emmanuel II, the participation in both World Wars

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Kingdom of the Lombards

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568 AD - 774 AD; the Lombard invasion of Italy, the rule of Authari and Agilulf, the conquest by Charlemagne

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Republic of Venice

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697 AD - 1797 AD; the Fourth Crusade, the Battle of Lepanto, the maritime trade and wealth in the Mediterranean

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Kingdom of Prussia

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1701 AD - 1918 AD; the militarization of Prussian society, the unification of Germany, the reign of Frederick the Great

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Kingdom of Norway

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872 AD - 1397 AD and 1905 AD - present; the Viking Age, the union with Denmark and Sweden, gaining independence from Sweden in 1905

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Kingdom of Sweden

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c.970 AD - present; the establishment of a unified kingdom, the era of Great Power, the signing of the Act of Union with Norway

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Tsardom of Russia

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1547 AD - 1721 AD; the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Time of Troubles, the Romanov dynasty's ascendance

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Kingdom of Denmark

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c. 960 AD - present; the formation of the Danish constitution, the loss of territories through the Treaty of Kiel, the Danish Golden Age

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Kingdom of the Netherlands

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1815 AD - present; the Belgian Revolution, the Dutch Golden Age, the North Sea flood of 1953

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Kingdom of Belgium

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1831 AD - present; the Belgian Revolution, Leopold II and the Congo Free State, the involvement in World War I

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Kingdom of Greece

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1832 AD - present; the Greek War of Independence, the reign of King Otto, the Greek military junta of 1967-1974

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Austro-Hungarian Empire

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1867 AD - 1918 AD; Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary, the Annexation of Bosnia, World War I and the empire's subsequent dissolution

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Norman Kingdom of Sicily

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1130 AD - 1198 AD; the Norman conquest of southern Italy, the reign of Roger II, the unique blend of Norman, Byzantine, and Arab influences

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Kingdom of Naples

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1282 AD - 1816 AD; the Sicilian Vespers, frequent dynastic changes, the Napoleonic Wars leading to its merger with the Kingdom of Sicily

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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

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1816 AD - 1861 AD; the cultural and economic prominence of Southern Italy, the revolutions of 1848, the Expedition of the Thousand leading to unification with Italy

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Visigothic Kingdom

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418 AD - 711 AD; the Code of Euric, the conversion from Arian to Chalcedonian Christianity, the defeat by Moorish invaders in the Battle of Guadalete

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