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Reign years: 27 BC – AD 14 Significant achievements: Established the Pax Romana, reformed the Roman tax system, rebuilt much of Rome.

Reign years: AD 14 – AD 37 Significant achievements: Consolidated the empire, improved financial administration, left a large surplus in the treasury.

Reign years: AD 37 – AD 41 Significant achievements: Initiated construction of two aqueducts, the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus.

Reign years: AD 41 – AD 54 Significant achievements: Conquest of Britannia, building of port at Ostia, expansion of Roman aqueducts.

Reign years: AD 54 – AD 68 Significant achievements: Great Fire of Rome, construction of Domus Aurea, significant patron of the arts.

Reign years: AD 69 – AD 79 Significant achievements: Started construction of the Colosseum, restored stability after the Year of Four Emperors, financial reforms.

Reign years: AD 79 – AD 81 Significant achievements: Completed the Colosseum, efficient handling of the eruption of Vesuvius and the fire of Rome (80 AD).

Reign years: AD 81 – AD 96 Significant achievements: Rebuilt Rome after a fire, expanded the empire, strengthened the economy.

Reign years: AD 96 – AD 98 Significant achievements: Initiated the system of adoption for succession, alimentary program to assist the poor, restored freedom of speech.

Reign years: AD 98 – AD 117 Significant achievements: Largest territorial extent of the empire, construction of Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column, welfare measures for the poor.

Reign years: AD 117 – AD 138 Significant achievements: Construction of Hadrian's Wall, consolidation of the empire's borders, cultural patronage.

Reign years: AD 138 – AD 161 Significant achievements: Reign marked by peace and stability, legal reforms, building projects in the city of Rome and throughout the empire.

Reign years: AD 161 – AD 180 Significant achievements: Philosopher king, wrote Meditations, defended the empire against various invasions.

Reign years: AD 180 – AD 192 Significant achievements: Portrayed himself as Hercules, involved in gladiatorial combat, era of instability.

Reign years: AD 193 – AD 211 Significant achievements: Military expansion, stabilized the economy, reformed the legal and administrative system.

Reign years: AD 211 – AD 217 Significant achievements: Granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire, initiated the construction of the Baths of Caracalla, military campaigns.

Reign years: AD 284 – AD 305 Significant achievements: Tetrarchy system to stabilize the empire, extensive administrative division, great persecution of Christians.

Reign years: AD 306 – AD 337 Significant achievements: Edict of Milan granting religious tolerance, founding of Constantinople, convened the First Council of Nicaea.

Reign years: AD 361 – AD 363 Significant achievements: Attempted to restore paganism, military campaigns against the Germanic tribes, wrote several philosophical works.

Reign years: AD 364 – AD 375 Significant achievements: Strengthened the empire’s frontiers, religious tolerance policies, administrative reforms.

Reign years: AD 379 – AD 395 Significant achievements: Made Christianity the state religion, last emperor to rule both East and West, defeated the Goths at the Battle of the Frigidus.

Reign years: AD 395 – AD 423 Significant achievements: Moved the Western capital to Ravenna, Visigoths sacked Rome under his reign, increasing reliance on Germanic mercenaries.

Reign years: AD 425 – AD 455 Significant achievements: Reign marked by the disintegration of the Western Empire, married the daughter of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II, assassinated by supporters of a rival general.

Reign years: AD 475 – AD 476 Significant achievements: Last Western Roman Emperor, deposed by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer, end of the Western Roman Empire.

Reign years: AD 527 – AD 565 (Byzantine Empire) Significant achievements: Reconquest of much of the former Western Roman Empire, Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law), construction of Hagia Sophia.

Reign years: AD 1449 – AD 1453 (Byzantine Empire) Significant achievements: Last Byzantine Emperor, defense of Constantinople during its fall to the Ottomans, seen as a national hero in Greece.

Reign years: AD 800 – AD 814 (Holy Roman Empire) Significant achievements: Crowned Emperor of the Romans, Carolingian Renaissance, expanded and consolidated the Frankish realm.

Reign years: AD 962 – AD 973 (Holy Roman Empire) Significant achievements: Resurrected the title of Emperor of the Romans, consolidated the empire's territories, established the Ottonian church system.

Reign years: AD 1155 – AD 1190 (Holy Roman Empire) Significant achievements: Attempted to establish central imperial rule, led the Third Crusade, drowned in the Saleph River.

Reign years: AD 1220 – AD 1250 (Holy Roman Empire) Significant achievements: Promoted arts and sciences, established a modern bureaucratic state, conflict with the papacy leading to excommunication twice.

Reign years: AD 1519 – AD 1556 (Holy Roman Empire) Significant achievements: Managed a vast empire including Spain and its colonies, wars with France and the Ottoman Empire, oversaw the Protestant Reformation.

Reign years: AD 1556 – AD 1598 (Spain) Significant achievements: Spanish Armada, king during the height of Spanish power, oversaw a great cultural period coined the Spanish Golden Age.

Reign years: AD 1643 – AD 1715 (France) Significant achievements: The Sun King, construction of the Palace of Versailles, ascended to the throne at the age of four.

Reign years: AD 1682 – AD 1725 (Russia) Significant achievements: Westernization and modernization of Russia, founded the city of Saint Petersburg, expanded Russian territory.

Reign years: AD 1762 – AD 1796 (Russia) Significant achievements: Continued the modernization of Russia, territorial expansion, Patroness of the arts and the Russian Enlightenment.

Reign years: AD 1837 – AD 1901 (United Kingdom) Significant achievements: The Victorian Era, oversaw the expansion of the British Empire, known as the Grandmother of Europe.