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Colonies: India, Australia, parts of Africa (such as Nigeria and Ghana), and the Caribbean. Impact: Wealth through trade, industrial raw materials, spread of English language and culture.

Colonies: Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia), Indochina, parts of the Caribbean. Impact: Exploitation of resources, spread of French language and culture, and infrastructural development in colonies.

Colonies: Latin America, Philippines, parts of Africa (such as Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea). Impact: Significant cultural influence, spread of Christianity, depletion of indigenous populations.

Colonies: Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Goa (India). Impact: Cultural and linguistic influence, economic exploitation, slave trade.

Colonies: Namibia, Tanzania, Cameroon, parts of Papua New Guinea. Impact: Exploitation of resources, German colonial rule short-lived due to World War I.

Colonies: Libya, Somalia, Ethiopia (occupation). Impact: Military aggression and opposition, use of colonies for resettlement, attempted cultural integration.

Colonies: Congo Free State, later Belgian Congo. Impact: Extreme exploitation and human rights abuses, significant extraction of mineral wealth, post-independence challenges for the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Colonies: Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), Suriname, Caribbean islands. Impact: Resource extraction, establishment of a mixed legal system, cultivation of cash crops.

Colonies: Central Asian territories, Alaska (later sold to the USA), parts of the Caucasus and Poland. Impact: Russification of cultures, expansion of Orthodox Christianity, strategic military presence.

Colonies: Bosnia and Herzegovina (occupied), had interests in China during the Boxer Rebellion. Impact: Cultural assimilation policies, economic exploitation, triggered the events leading to World War I.

Colonies: Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Danish West Indies (now U.S. Virgin Islands). Impact: Economic exploitation, strategic military and trade routes, cultural influence on Greenland and the Faroe Islands.

Colonies: Swedish Gold Coast (Ghana), New Sweden (parts of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania). Impact: Limited lasting influence due to short-lived colonial ventures, minor cultural imprints.

Colonies: None Significant. Viewed mostly as part of Danish imperialism with only transient colonial attempts like establishing a presence in the Caribbean. Impact: Little to no lasting colonial impact.

Colonies: None Significant. Primarily a subject of empires such as the Ottoman Empire during this period. Impact: Not an imperial power, influenced culturally and economically by larger neighboring empires.

Colonies: Controlled parts of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa. Impact: Spread of Islam, cultural and architectural contributions, legal reforms under Tanzimat.

Colonies: None Significant. Maintained neutrality throughout the period of Imperialism. Impact: Became a hub for international diplomacy and finance.

Colonies: None Direct. As part of Austria-Hungary, it was involved in the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Impact: Hungary's influence within the Dual Monarchy was more regional than colonial.

Colonies: None Direct. Historically, had a commonwealth with Lithuania and territories in modern-day Ukraine and Belarus. Impact: Rather than being an imperial power in the modern era, Poland was subject to partitioning by surrounding empires.

Colonies: None. Historically a part of Sweden and later an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. Impact: Sought independence and national identity during the period of Imperialism.

Colonies: None Direct. Was part of the larger Austro-Hungarian Empire, which itself had minimal colonial holdings. Impact: Economic exploitation and political tensions within the empire.

Colonies: None Direct. Formed a historic commonwealth with Poland but by the period of Imperialism, it was part of the Russian Empire. Impact: Sought national identity and independence.

Colonies: None. It was a territory under Ottoman control that later gained independence. Impact: Sought autonomy and later fought for territorial expansion in the Balkans.

Colonies: None. Gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, later became a kingdom and was involved in the Balkan Wars. Impact: Nationalistic aspirations contributed to regional tensions leading up to World War I.

Colonies: None. Historically under the rule of Denmark, Sweden, and Russia, Estonia pursued national unity and independence during the period of Imperialism. Impact: National awakenings led to independence after World War I.