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A central figure in modern philosophy whose work on metaphysics, epistemology, and aesthetics laid the groundwork for the development of Continental philosophy. His 'Critique of Pure Reason' attempts to understand the relationship between human knowledge and experience.

A German philosopher known for his dialectical method and his contributions to idealism. He influenced numerous philosophical schools, including existentialism and Marxism. His 'Phenomenology of Spirit' details the progress of consciousness.

Best known for his work in economics and political philosophy, Marx's ideas on class struggle and social relations have significantly influenced political systems and thought, especially in his works like 'Das Kapital'.

Recognized as the 'father of existentialism,' Kierkegaard focused on individual subjectivity, faith, and the existential conditions of despair, dread, and choice. His work 'Fear and Trembling' explores the concept of faith using the story of Abraham and Isaac.

A German philosopher known for his radical critique of reason and truth, advocating for the will to power and the creation of one's own values. Nietzsche's 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra' introduces the idea of the Übermensch and the 'death of God'.

A seminal thinker in existential phenomenology, Heidegger's work 'Being and Time' focuses on the question of Being (Sein) and introduces the concept of Dasein. His work has been influential in philosophy, literary theory, and architecture.

The founder of phenomenology, Husserl's work laid the groundwork for a philosophical study of consciousness and experience. His method seeks to investigate the structures of consciousness and the intentionality of experience.

Prominent existentialist philosopher known for his emphasis on human freedom, responsibility, and the meaninglessness of life without personal commitment. His work 'Being and Nothingness' is a staple of existentialist philosophy.

An influential French existentialist philosopher, her work on feminism, ethics, and politics is encapsulated in 'The Second Sex', where she discusses the treatment and perception of women throughout history.

His work, particularly 'Phenomenology of Perception', has significantly influenced philosophical perspectives on the body and perception, grounding experience in the lived and sentient body, rather than in cognitive or abstract processes.

A philosopher known for his critical studies of social institutions and his ideas on power and knowledge, Foucault's works like 'Discipline and Punish' and 'The History of Sexuality' shaped modern understandings of cultural studies and critical theory.

Founder of deconstruction, Derrida's philosophy asserts that all texts inherently contain contradictions and unstable meanings. His book 'Of Grammatology' challenged the Western philosophical tradition's reliance on binary oppositions.

Known for his ethics as 'first philosophy', Levinas focused on the importance of the Other and the face-to-face encounter. His works challenge the dominance of ontology and the 'egology' in Western philosophy.

A philosopher particularly noted for his work on hermeneutics, narrative identity, and the human capacity for change. His 'Time and Narrative' series explores the role of narration in human experience.

An Italian philosopher known for his work on political theory and his critique of Western political structures, Agamben's concept of 'homo sacer' and 'state of exception' have been influential in contemporary political philosophy.

A French philosopher who combines mathematics, political theory, and ontology in his work. Badiou is known for his assertion of the 'event' as a foundation for truth and for his book 'Being and Event'.

A Slovenian philosopher and cultural critic whose eclectic work includes psychoanalytic theory, Marxism, and Hegelian philosophy. His provocative style has addressed a wide range of topics including ideology, capitalism, and pop culture.

A Bulgarian-French philosopher, psychoanalyst, and feminist, Kristeva is known for her work on intertextuality, abjection, and the concept of the 'semiotic'. Her interdisciplinary approach spans literature, linguistics, and psychoanalysis.

A German philosopher and sociologist known for his work on communicative rationality and the public sphere. His 'Theory of Communicative Action' is a cornerstone in deliberative democracy and rational-critical debate.