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Democratic peace theory posits that democracies are less likely to engage in warfare with one another. This theory informs foreign policy and is relevant to international relations, conflict resolution, and democracy promotion.

Capabilitarianism, chiefly developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, focuses on enhancing individuals' capabilities to lead lives they value. This framework is used in assessing poverty, welfare economics, and development policies.

Cognitive justice holds that all forms of knowledge, including indigenous and local knowledges, deserve recognition and respect in international development and global governance. This concept is increasingly relevant in debates over education, cultural rights, and scientific hegemony.

Postmodernism is a skeptical approach that questions the ideals of the Enlightenment, such as objective truth, rationality, and progress. In social and political contexts, it affects discussions of power structures, narratives, and the role of ideology.

Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that suggests an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. It informs current debates on policy making, economics, and public health, emphasizing the outcomes over the means.

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all humans belong to a single community, and ethical decisions should be made from a perspective that transcends borders. This is particularly relevant to discussions on global justice, human rights, and international law.

Feminist political philosophy critiques traditional political theory from a feminist perspective, often focusing on issues of sexism, patriarchy, and gender inequality. It's central to contemporary gender issues and informs policies related to workplace equality and reproductive rights.

Populism is a political approach that seeks to represent the interests of ordinary people, often through charismatic leaders or anti-establishment messages. It is a force in current political discourse, impacting electoral dynamics and public policy.

Social contract theory posits that individuals consent, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. It's relevant today in discussions about the legitimacy of governments and the rights and duties of citizens.

Libertarianism is a political philosophy that advocates for minimal state intervention in the private lives of citizens, emphasizing individual liberty and free-market principles. It's relevant in debates on taxation, gun control, and drug legalization.

Environmental ethics explores the moral relationship between humans and the natural world, questioning the values and principles involved in issues of conservation and sustainability. This philosophy is key when evaluating policies relating to climate change and environmental protection.

Communitarianism emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community, arguing that social contexts are fundamental to the development of personal identity. This philosophy affects contemporary discourse on social justice, community cohesion, and cultural recognition.

Multiculturalism is a framework that endorses the diversity of cultural backgrounds in society, promoting equal respect to all cultural traditions. It is pertinent to debates on immigration policy, education, and national identity.

Virtue ethics emphasizes the role of character and virtues in moral philosophy rather than rules or consequences. This approach influences current ethical discussions around leadership, personal development, and education.

Social justice is a concept that advocates for fair and just relations between the individual and society, encompassing issues such as equality, human rights, and access to resources. This notion drives many contemporary movements for policy reform and human welfare enhancement.

John Rawls' theory of justice proposes principles of justice that would be chosen in an original position of equality behind a 'veil of ignorance'. This theory is key in contemporary discussions concerning social justice, fairness, and political liberalism.

Intersectionality is a framework for understanding how various forms of social stratification, such as race, gender, class, and others, do not act independently but interrelate, creating a system of oppression and discrimination. It's become a crucial point in discussing identity politics and social policy.

Deliberative democracy emphasizes the importance of reasoned discussion and consensus in democratic decision-making. Its relevance today is evident in discussing the functioning of democratic institutions and the role of public discourse in policy development.

Identity politics involves groups of a particular identity advocating for their own political interests. While it promotes representation and empowerment for these groups, it is also a subject of debate over its divisive potential in society.