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Author: Martin Heidegger. A foundational text in existentialist philosophy, Heidegger explores the nature of being, time, and existence, challenging traditional metaphysics and introducing the concept of Dasein.

Author: Thomas S. Kuhn. Kuhn challenges the traditional view of science as a steady, cumulative acquisition of knowledge, proposing instead that periods of 'normal science' are punctuated by revolutionary shifts or 'paradigm shifts'.

Author: Ludwig Wittgenstein. Addresses the relationship between language and reality and defines the limits of science, proposing that the language of philosophy should be as clear as that of mathematics.

Author: Alasdair MacIntyre. This work presents a critique of moral relativism and individualism, advocating for a return to Aristotelian ethics based on the virtues and the concept of moral traditions.

Author: Ludwig Wittgenstein. This book marks a departure from Wittgenstein’s earlier views in the Tractatus, focusing instead on the way in which the meaning of words is rooted in their use within various forms of life.

Author: Simone de Beauvoir. A key text in feminist philosophy, de Beauvoir analyzes the oppression of women throughout history and lays the foundation for modern feminist existentialism.

Author: Herbert Marcuse. In this work, Marcuse critiques advanced industrial society, arguing that it turns individuals into objects, reduces the capacity for critical thinking, and represses true freedom and creativity.

Author: Michel Foucault. Foucault explores the history of how humans understand being and knowledge, focusing on the conditions of possibility for knowledge in different periods labeled as epistemes.

Author: Charles Taylor. Taylor provides a historical survey of the development of the modern identity, examining the formation of the self and discussing the connection between selfhood and moral values.

Author: Theodor W. Adorno. Adorno's work is a critique of traditional dialectics, proposing a form of philosophy that focuses on the negation of totality and the importance of the non-identical.

Author: Emmanuel Levinas. A major work in ethics and ontology is focusing on the face-to-face relationship with the Other as the ultimate ethical imperative, contrasting his view with traditional ontology.

Author: Albert Camus. Camus presents his philosophy of the absurd and questions the purpose of existence in a world devoid of order and meaning.

Author: Michel Foucault. Foucault analyzes the history of the modern penal system and the shift from punitive torture to more subtle forms of control, such as surveillance and normalization.

Author: Frantz Fanon. A potent analysis of the psyche of the colonized, the conditions of colonization, and a call for revolutionary struggle and the creation of a new humanism.

Author: Gilbert Ryle. Ryle challenges Cartesian dualism by arguing that mental processes are not separate from physical processes and that traditional philosophical language has misled us about the nature of the mind.

Author: Iris Murdoch. Murdoch argues against the ethical theories that prioritize action and will over virtue, instead promoting a Platonic conception of the Good as the ultimate focus of moral philosophy.

Author: Hannah Arendt. Arendt discusses the active life or vita activa, and addresses the fundamental categories of the labor, work, and action, as they relate to political and social life.

Author: Alasdair MacIntyre. A work in moral and political philosophy, MacIntyre critiques the enlightenment concept of morality and argues for the necessity of a return to Aristotelian ethics.

Author: Saul Kripke. Challenges descriptivist theories of proper names and introduces possible world semantics to distinguish between necessity and contingency.

Author: John Rawls. Rawls articulates his theory of justice as fairness, introduces the original position and the veil of ignorance as tools to determine the principles of justice.

Editor: Sarah Buss and Lee Overton. A collection of essays that discuss and build upon Harry Frankfurt’s philosophies of freedom of the will, the nature of personhood, and the structure of the self.

Author: Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche's examination of the origins of our moral prejudices, introducing concepts such as slave morality, master morality, and the will to power.

Author: G.W.F. Hegel. An examination of the development of consciousness, reason, and the self, and the phenomenological method of inquiry.

Author: Herbert Marcuse. A study of Hegel and the rise of social theory, Marcuse presents an analysis of the philosophical foundations of Marxism.