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Justice Theories in Modern Philosophy
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Ronald Dworkin
Developed the concept of 'Law as Integrity', and his theory of justice includes the rights-based approach. His work influences contemporary legal theory and moral philosophy.
Robert Nozick
Critiqued the redistribution of wealth in Rawls' theory and offered the 'Entitlement Theory', focusing on individual rights and just acquisition. Relevant today in debates on libertarianism and minimal state.
Aristotle
Established the idea of distributive and corrective justice in 'Nicomachean Ethics'. A cornerstone for contemporary discussions on virtue ethics and moral development.
Amartya Sen
Sen developed the 'Capability Approach', where justice is measured by individuals' capability to function and their opportunities. Important for contemporary human development policies and welfare economics.
Thomas Pogge
Pogge's global justice theories focus on the harm affluent countries cause to the poor. His arguments are pertinent to discussions on global poverty and international ethics.
Immanuel Kant
Kant's deontological ethics and his categorical imperative continue to influence contemporary ethical frameworks and the discourse on human rights.
Charles Taylor
Advocates for the politics of recognition and engages with multiculturalism, arguing that recognition is a vital human need. His work is key in contemporary debates about identity politics and multicultural societies.
Hannah Arendt
Contributed original ideas about the nature of power and political action, famously analyzing the banality of evil. Insightful for understanding totalitarianism and moral responsibility within the political sphere.
Will Kymlicka
Emphasized the importance of cultural membership in liberal theories of justice, advocating for minority rights. His work is useful for understanding multiculturalism and minority rights in liberal democracies.
Michael Sandel
Critic of Rawls' theory, Sandel emphasizes the importance of a shared sense of the good, communitarianism, and argues for a less abstract, more communal approach to justice. His work relates to contemporary civic engagement and community values.
John Stuart Mill
Although not contemporary, Mill's utilitarian theory remains influential, advocating for the greatest happiness principle. It's relevant in policy-making and economics.
Jürgen Habermas
Developed the theory of communicative action and deliberative democracy, emphasizing the role of rational discourse in democratic societies. Applies to modern debates about public reason and democracy.
Nancy Fraser
Fraser theorizes about social justice in the context of globalization, critiquing mainstream liberal theories and emphasizing the role of social structures. Pertinent to the feminist critique and global social justice.
Martha Nussbaum
Expanded on Sen’s 'Capability Approach' and proposed a list of central human capabilities. Her work is significant in gender studies and international development.
John Rawls
Proposed the theory of 'Justice as Fairness', which includes the principles of liberty and difference. Contemporary relevance includes the emphasis on the social contract and addressing inequality in modern societies.
Axel Honneth
His work on recognition theory provides a framework for understanding social conflicts and injustice. Relevant to the discourse on social struggle and identity politics.
Alasdair MacIntyre
Critic of modern moral philosophy and advocate for virtue ethics based on Aristotelian tradition. His work is influential in contemporary discussions on the role of tradition and virtue in ethics.
G.A. Cohen
Offered a Marxist critique of liberal theories of justice, especially Rawls', advocating for egalitarian principles. His work is essential in discussions on social equality and the critique of capitalism.
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