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Justice Theories in Modern Philosophy

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Ronald Dworkin

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Developed the concept of 'Law as Integrity', and his theory of justice includes the rights-based approach. His work influences contemporary legal theory and moral philosophy.

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Robert Nozick

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Critiqued the redistribution of wealth in Rawls' theory and offered the 'Entitlement Theory', focusing on individual rights and just acquisition. Relevant today in debates on libertarianism and minimal state.

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Aristotle

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Established the idea of distributive and corrective justice in 'Nicomachean Ethics'. A cornerstone for contemporary discussions on virtue ethics and moral development.

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Amartya Sen

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Sen developed the 'Capability Approach', where justice is measured by individuals' capability to function and their opportunities. Important for contemporary human development policies and welfare economics.

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Thomas Pogge

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Pogge's global justice theories focus on the harm affluent countries cause to the poor. His arguments are pertinent to discussions on global poverty and international ethics.

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Immanuel Kant

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Kant's deontological ethics and his categorical imperative continue to influence contemporary ethical frameworks and the discourse on human rights.

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Charles Taylor

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Advocates for the politics of recognition and engages with multiculturalism, arguing that recognition is a vital human need. His work is key in contemporary debates about identity politics and multicultural societies.

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Hannah Arendt

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Contributed original ideas about the nature of power and political action, famously analyzing the banality of evil. Insightful for understanding totalitarianism and moral responsibility within the political sphere.

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Will Kymlicka

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Emphasized the importance of cultural membership in liberal theories of justice, advocating for minority rights. His work is useful for understanding multiculturalism and minority rights in liberal democracies.

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Michael Sandel

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Critic of Rawls' theory, Sandel emphasizes the importance of a shared sense of the good, communitarianism, and argues for a less abstract, more communal approach to justice. His work relates to contemporary civic engagement and community values.

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John Stuart Mill

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Although not contemporary, Mill's utilitarian theory remains influential, advocating for the greatest happiness principle. It's relevant in policy-making and economics.

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Jürgen Habermas

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Developed the theory of communicative action and deliberative democracy, emphasizing the role of rational discourse in democratic societies. Applies to modern debates about public reason and democracy.

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Nancy Fraser

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Fraser theorizes about social justice in the context of globalization, critiquing mainstream liberal theories and emphasizing the role of social structures. Pertinent to the feminist critique and global social justice.

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Martha Nussbaum

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Expanded on Sen’s 'Capability Approach' and proposed a list of central human capabilities. Her work is significant in gender studies and international development.

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John Rawls

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Proposed the theory of 'Justice as Fairness', which includes the principles of liberty and difference. Contemporary relevance includes the emphasis on the social contract and addressing inequality in modern societies.

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Axel Honneth

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His work on recognition theory provides a framework for understanding social conflicts and injustice. Relevant to the discourse on social struggle and identity politics.

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Alasdair MacIntyre

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Critic of modern moral philosophy and advocate for virtue ethics based on Aristotelian tradition. His work is influential in contemporary discussions on the role of tradition and virtue in ethics.

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G.A. Cohen

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Offered a Marxist critique of liberal theories of justice, especially Rawls', advocating for egalitarian principles. His work is essential in discussions on social equality and the critique of capitalism.

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