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Libertarianism in the context of free will is the philosophical view that humans do have free will, and that free will is incompatible with determinism. Libertarians maintain that moral responsibility is grounded in our ability to make genuinely free choices.

The Principle of Alternate Possibilities is a concept in moral philosophy which states that an individual is morally responsible for an action only if they could have done otherwise. It is a central tenet of incompatibilist theories of free will.

Moral responsibility is often tied to the agent's intentions. An action with a harmful outcome may be judged differently if the harmful outcome was unintended, highlighting the role of intention in moral judgment.

Agent-causation is a concept that holds an individual, as an agent, is the originator of actions and thus has a form of control that is not predetermined by external events. This concept suggests a type of causation that is crucial for moral responsibility and free will.

Incompatibilism is the view that free will and determinism cannot coexist. If determinism is true, incompatibilists argue that individuals cannot be morally responsible for predetermined actions, as true free will would require the ability to do otherwise.

As AI systems become more advanced, debates arise about the moral responsibility of AI actions. This examines whether AI can be held morally accountable or if responsibility lies with creators, operators, or society at large.

Philosopher P. F. Strawson introduced the concept of reactive attitudes, such as gratitude, resentment, and moral indignation, as a basis for understanding moral responsibility. These emotions underlie our practices of holding each other responsible.

Determinism is the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes. In the context of moral responsibility, it raises questions about the extent to which people can be held morally responsible for their actions if those actions are determined by external factors.

Supererogation refers to actions that go above and beyond the call of duty. These are acts that are not morally required but are considered praiseworthy, adding another layer of complexity to discussions of moral responsibility.

Free will is the concept that individuals have the ability to make choices independent of external determination. In moral responsibility, it suggests that individuals can be held accountable because they have control over their actions and can choose otherwise.

Collective moral responsibility refers to holding a group or collective entity responsible for actions the group takes as a whole. This concept is important in discussing the ethics of organizations, nations, and other groups.

Excuses and exemptions are reasons provided that can reduce or eliminate an individual's moral responsibility. Excuses address the context of the action, while exemptions may refer to the capacity of the agent, such as ignorance or coercion.

Hard determinism is the view that because determinism is true, free will does not exist, and therefore, individuals cannot be held morally responsible for their actions as they could not have acted differently.

Compatibilism is the belief that free will and determinism are compatible and can coexist. Compatibilists argue that moral responsibility is possible because individuals can still be free if their actions align with their internal desires, even if those desires are determined.