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Tabula rasa, empiricism, theory of knowledge based on experience.

Philosophical pessimism, will as the fundamental reality, representation as the world as we perceive it.

Process philosophy, actual entities as the fundamental units of reality, philosophy of organism.

Empiricism, skepticism about metaphysical concepts like causality and self.

Philosophy of difference, ontology of becoming and multiplicity, rhizomatic thinking.

Monism, ethical philosophy, 'God or Nature' (Deus sive Natura), as the single substance of reality.

Phenomenology, ontology and the question of Being, Dasein.

Transcendental idealism, space and time as forms of intuition, things-in-themselves (noumena).

Existentialism, feminism, ethics of ambiguity, liberation from societal expectations.

Integration of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology, existence of God as the 'Unmoved Mover'.

Analytic philosophy, logical atomism, theories of descriptions and logical types.

Absolute idealism, reality is the manifestation of the absolute, dialectical method.

Existentialism, existence precedes essence, radical freedom and responsibility of the individual.

Philosophy of science, falsification as a demarcation criterion for science, critique of historicism.

Philosophy of time and consciousness, élan vital as the creative force of life, critique of mechanistic determinism.

Founder of phenomenology, intentionality, emphasis on the lived experience and consciousness.

Substance theory, Four causes, Potentiality and actuality.

Monadology, theory of pre-established harmony, metaphysics of simple substances.

Perspectivism, criticism of traditional metaphysical concepts, 'Will to Power'.

Primordial substance as water, nature has inherent order, significance of change and permanence.

Existentialism, subjectivity as truth, leap of faith in the face of absurdity.

Cartesian dualism, existence of the material world and the non-material mind.

Concept of Geist (Spirit), world history as the progress of consciousness, absolute knowing through dialectics.

Theory of Forms, belief in an abstract world of perfect forms or ideas distinct from the physical world.