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Monism is the ontological theory that all of reality is of one substance or principle. Significance: Monism provides a unified view of existence, often contrasted with dualism and pluralism in discussing the composition of reality.

A Priori knowledge is independent of experience, whereas A Posteriori knowledge is dependent on experience. Significance: This distinction is crucial in epistemology for classifying types of knowledge and understanding how they relate to justification and evidence.

Phenomenology is a philosophical approach that studies structures of experience and consciousness. Significance: By focusing on phenomena as they appear, it provides insights into existence from the first-person perspective without presupposing an underlying reality.

Modal Realism is the view that possible worlds are as real as the actual world. Significance: This position, often associated with philosopher David Lewis, challenges conventional notions of reality and has profound implications for metaphysics and modal logic.

Dualism in ontology posits that there are two fundamental kinds of substance: physical (body) and non-physical (mind or soul). Significance: This view significantly impacts discussions of consciousness, identity, and the mind-body problem.

Realism in ontology holds that certain entities or categories of things, such as universals, exist independently of our thoughts and perceptions. Significance: Realism is a counterpoint to nominalism and is central to discussions about the independent existence of properties or ideas.

Determinism is the philosophical doctrine that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes. Significance: It has crucial implications for free will, moral responsibility, and the nature of human agency.

Intentionality is the quality of mental states by which they are directed at or about some object or state of affairs. Significance: It is foundational in discussions about the nature of thoughts, desires, and other mental phenomena, distinguishing them from physical states.

Deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong. Significance: It is centered on the adherence to moral duties and principles, rather than outcomes, as the basis for ethical behavior.

Essence refers to the set of attributes that make an entity what it fundamentally is and without which it would lose its identity. Significance: Essence is key in understanding the nature of things and differentiating between accidental and essential properties.

Free Will is the notion that individuals have the power to make choices free from certain kinds of constraints. Significance: The concept of free will is central to many philosophical debates involving moral responsibility, determinism, and the nature of human action.

Ontology is the philosophical study of being, existence, and reality. It examines the nature of entities, their properties, and their relationships to one another. Significance: Ontology is foundational to many other areas of philosophy and provides the framework for discussing what fundamentally exists or can exist.

Nominalism is the ontological position that universals are merely names without any corresponding reality. Significance: It opposes realism about universals and has implications for theories of meaning and knowledge.

Qualia are the subjective, first-person qualities of conscious experiences, such as the 'redness' of an apple. Significance: Qualia are central in discussions about the nature of consciousness, the mind-body problem, and the limits of objective understanding.

In ontology, identity refers to the relation that each thing bears only to itself. Significance: The principle of identity is fundamental in discussions about sameness, difference, and change over time.

In ontology, accidents are properties that a substance has contingently, without which the substance would still be the same entity. Significance: This concept allows philosophers to discuss non-essential attributes that can change without affecting an entity's essence.

Teleology refers to the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes. Significance: Teleological reasoning is significant in discussions about the nature of life, the concept of design, and the existence of intrinsic goals

The Doctrine of Double Effect is a principle asserting that an action with both a positive and negative effect is permissible if the negative effect was not intended. Significance: This doctrine has a major role in moral and ethical reasoning, especially in justifying actions in medical ethics and war.

In ontology, a substance is traditionally understood as an entity that exists independently and is the bearer of properties. Significance: It helps distinguish between entities that are fundamental and those that are dependent or relational.

Existentialism is a philosophical movement emphasizing individual freedom, choice, and subjective experience. Significance: It challenges traditional ontological categories by focusing on human existence and the meaning it can create.

Materialism is the ontological belief that nothing exists apart from the material world and its processes. Significance: This perspective has been central to the development of the natural sciences and debates about consciousness and personhood.

Idealism is the ontological view that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual, and the material world is either an illusion or derivative of the mind. Significance: It challenges the primacy of the material and has implications for the understanding of perception and knowledge.

Contingency refers to the status of propositions that are neither necessarily true nor necessarily false. Significance: Understanding contingency is key for analyzing how things could have been different and the limits of necessity.

Platonism asserts the existence of abstract objects, which are non-spatial, atemporal, and unchanging. Significance: This view upholds the reality of universals and forms, influencing metaphysical discussions of eternal truths.