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Substance theory, also known as Aristotelian substance, posits that substances are the fundamental entities in metaphysics. Aristotle classifies substance as the 'whatness' of an object which can exist independently.

Leibniz introduces monads as the true atoms of the universe, which are immaterial, simple substances that form compound bodies. Space to Leibniz is the order of coexisting monads.

For Kant, space and time are the pure forms of sensible intuition that structure all human experience. They are a priori intuitions rather than properties of things in themselves.

Process philosophy suggests that the fundamental elements of the universe are events (processes) rather than material substances. Space becomes a secondary construct tied to events.

Substantivalism is the view that space and time exist independently of objects, whereas relationalism holds that they are a network of relationships among objects.

Substance dualism holds that there are two kinds of foundation: mental and body. This view is famously attributed to Descartes, who posited the independence of the mind from the physical brain.

Neutral Monism posits that there is a single, neutral substance that manifests as both mental and physical properties. It is a rejection of both materialism and dualism.

Baruch Spinoza argues for a monistic view where there is only one substance, which is God or nature, and everything else is a mode of this singular substance.

Structural realism is the view that while we cannot know substances directly, we can know the structure that they instantiate. Space is considered to be part of the underlying structure of the world.

David Hume suggests that an object is merely a bundle of properties (or perceptions) with no underlying substance. He casts doubt on the existence of a persistent 'self' as a substance.

Eternalism is the philosophical approach to time and space that posits all points in time are equally real, rather than only the present being real. This affects the metaphysical understanding of substances through time.

Mereological nihilism is the view that objects with parts do not exist; only basic building blocks without parts, known as simples, exist. This philosophy questions the standard notion of space filled with compounds.

Rene Descartes posits the existence of two distinct types of substance: mental (res cogitans) and physical (res extensa). Space is an attribute of the physical substance.

Martin Heidegger views Dasein (being-there) as the human condition of being. He philosophically investigates how space is encountered through Dasein's mode of being.

John Locke postulates that our understanding of substance comes from our experience. Space is seen as a 'void' within which objects exist and interact.

Phenomenal space refers to the spatial structure of our perceptual experience rather than an external space per se. It examines how space appears in consciousness.