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Presentism is the philosophical school of thought that holds that only present events and objects are real, and that future and past events are merely potential or no longer exist.

Time dilation is a physical phenomenon predicted by Einstein's theory of special relativity where a clock moving relative to an observer will be measured to tick slower than a clock at rest with respect to that observer, described by the equation $\Delta t' = \Delta t / \sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2}$.

Quantum Mechanics introduces a different approach to time, suggesting that at the smallest scales, the clear distinction between past, present, and future may not hold, potentially implying a block universe interpretation.

St. Thomas Aquinas viewed eternity as the 'simultaneous whole' of existence, contrasting with time, which he saw as a measure of change. Eternity for him is the domain of a timeless God, in contrast to the temporal world.

Aristotle conceived of time as the number of movement in respect of 'before' and 'after'. For Aristotle, time is neither movement nor independent of movement.

The Arrow of Time refers to the one-way direction of time from past to future, associated with the second law of thermodynamics, and the increase of entropy in closed systems.

Temporal Finitism is the idea that time has a beginning, often associated with the cosmological argument for a first cause. It contrasts with the concept of an infinite temporal regress.

The A-series represents a series of events according to their relation to the present (e.g., past, present, or future), while the B-series orders events by temporal relations that don't change over time (e.g., earlier than or later than).

This philosophical issue addresses how objects can persist and change over time. The concept involves understanding how an object can be the same in some respects but different in others as time passes.

St. Augustine pondered the nature of time and concluded that the past and future do not exist in reality, only the present does. Time, for him, was a distention of the mind.

The Kalam Cosmological Argument is a philosophical argument for the existence of a first cause or God, which also addresses the nature of time, holding that the universe had a beginning in time.

J.M.E. McTaggart in his paper 'The Unreality of Time' argues that time is an illusion because the A-series (future-past-present) and B-series (earlier-later) of temporal ordering are both contradictory and insufficient to ground the concept of time.

Process Philosophy, like that of Alfred North Whitehead, views time as the constant process of events becoming and perishing. Time is an essential aspect of the universe's evolving nature.

Four-Dimensionalism in metaphysics is the view that the universe is composed of three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension. It is often discussed in relation to theories like eternalism and the block universe.

Eternalism is the philosophical approach to time that takes the view that all points in time are equally 'real', as opposed to the presentist idea that only the present is real. Past, present, and future events are all ontologically on the same footing.

The Block Universe Theory, often associated with eternalism, is the idea that time is an illusion and reality is a four-dimensional block where all time coexists. Past, present, and future are not distinguished.

Henri Bergson's concept of 'duration' is a continuous flow of time that is qualitative, lived and experienced subjectively. It contrasts with the spatialized, measurable, or mathematical concept of time.

Zeno's Paradoxes, particularly the Arrow and the Dichotomy, challenge the understanding of time and motion by proposing that motion is an illusion due to the infinite divisibility of time and space.

Kant argued that time is a pure form of sensible intuition. According to Kant, time (like space) is a subjective condition of our human way of perceiving the world.