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Conceptualism is the philosophical theory that universals only exist within the mind and have no external or substantial reality.

Dispositional properties are properties that can manifest under certain conditions, representing the potentialities of an object.

Categorical properties are properties that are not dispositional. They are actual, present states or qualities of an object.

Tropes are property instances that are particular to objects, such as the specific shade of red of an apple, and are different from universals in that they are not repeatable.

Scholastic realism, primarily associated with medieval philosophers, asserts that universals are real and exist within particular things but also have a reality that is apart from particular things.

Realism in the context of universals posits that universals exist independently of our thoughts and language and can be instantiated in multiple objects.

Nominalism denies the independent existence of universals and maintains that only particular objects exist, and general terms are merely names without any corresponding reality.

Aristotelian realism posits that universals exist, but not independently of particular things; instead, they are found within things as their essential properties.

Bundle theory posits that objects are merely a collection (bundle) of properties and that there is no substance in which the properties inhere.

Universals are properties or predicates that can be instantiated by many different particulars, whereas particulars are specific instances of those universals.

In metaphysics, Platonism is the view that universals are real entities that exist independently of particular things and our perception of them, in a non-physical realm.

Resemblance nominalism is the view that properties are groups of resembling particulars, and that resemblances themselves do not need further explanation.

The Identity theory of predication suggests that asserting a predicate of a subject is equivalent to stating that the subject is identical to a thing that has the property in question.

Mereological nihilism is the philosophical view that objects with proper parts do not exist. Only 'simples', that have no parts, can be said to exist.

Intrinsic properties are those properties an object possesses independently of any relation to other things.

Property dualism is a theory in the philosophy of mind that recognizes two kinds of properties: physical and mental. While mental properties are not reducible to physical properties, both can exist in physical substances.

Predicate nominalism is the view that predicates do not refer to anything real but are merely convenient ways to talk about sets of particular objects.

Counterpart theory is a metaphysical view related to modality which holds that an object's properties include relations to every possible world in which it could exist.

Relational properties are properties that involve a relation between two or more entities or other properties.