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A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four haploid daughter cells, used in producing gametes for sexual reproduction.

The protective cap structure at the end of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division and is involved in aging and cell death.

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; humans have 22 pairs of autosomes.

The condition of having an extra chromosome in most or all of the cells of an organism, leading to developmental differences or disorders such as Down syndrome (Trisomy 21).

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.

Identical copies of a chromosome, connected by a centromere, that are produced during DNA replication.

The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

A process of cell division in which a single cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; humans have one pair, with women having two X chromosomes and men one X and one Y.

The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach and which is involved in cell division.

A structure made of DNA and protein in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, consisting of a single molecule of DNA that contains the organism's genes.

The genetic constitution of an individual organism, often in reference to specific traits or alleles.

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, denoted as n, typically found in gametes (sperm and eggs).

The failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division which can lead to disorders such as Down syndrome.

A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, denoted as 2n.

The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism, common in plants and some animal species.

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or in the cells of an organism, represented as haploid, diploid, triploid, etc.

The basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is functionally active and accessible for transcription.

The site where crossover and exchange of genetic material occurs between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

The field of genetics that pertains to the structure and function of chromosomes, including karyotyping and chromosome analysis.

A condition in which one or a few chromosomes are either missing or present in excess, leading to a deviation from an organism's normal chromosome number.

The condition of having a single copy of a chromosome instead of the usual pair, often leading to severe developmental disorders or pregnancy loss.