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A form of inheritance where more than two alleles determine the phenotype. Example: Human blood types (A, B, O), where there are three alleles (IA, IB, i) for blood type.

Inheritance of genetic traits carried on mitochondrial DNA, which is exclusively passed down from mother to offspring. Example: Mitochondrial diseases such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).

The concept that the environment can directly influence the expression of genes and thus the phenotype. Example: The Himalayan rabbit, which develops darker fur on the cooler parts of its body.

A phenomenon where the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes. Example: Coat color in Labrador retrievers, where one gene determines pigment while another controls pigment deposition.

The presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in an individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg. Example: Calico cats, which have patches of different coloration due to X-inactivation.

A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes. Example: The snapdragon flower, where red (RR) and white (WW) parents produce pink (RW) offspring.

A form of inheritance where the expression of a gene depends on whether it was inherited from the mother or the father. Example: Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, which involve the same chromosomal region but differ based on parental origin.

When the phenotype of the offspring is determined by the genotype of the mother. Example: Shell coiling direction in the snail Limnaea peregra.

A type of inheritance where a trait is governed by two or more genes, resulting in a wide range of possible phenotypes. Example: Human skin color, height.

When one gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. Example: Marfan syndrome in humans, where a single gene can affect the skeletal system, cardiovascular system, and eyes.

Traits that are associated with genes located on the sex chromosomes. Example: Color blindness and hemophilia in humans, which are often X-linked disorders.

A type of inheritance where two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygous condition, resulting in a phenotype that displays both traits simultaneously. Example: Blood type AB in humans, where alleles A and B are both expressed.

A genetic phenomenon where the severity or age of onset of a genetic disorder increases in successive generations. Example: Huntington’s disease, where onset often gets earlier as it is passed down.

Inheritance of traits controlled by genes located in the cytoplasm, often transmitted through the maternal cytoplasm in the egg. Example: Leaf variegation in plants like the four o'clock flower.