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A complex molecular machine found within all living cells that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).

A biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.

A regulated process during gene expression that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins.

The process by which RNA molecules are enzymatically modified post-transcriptionally.

A complex of an mRNA molecule and two or more ribosomes that act to translate mRNA instructions into polypeptides.

A molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in growth, development, functioning, and reproduction.

A short region of DNA that can be bound by proteins to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.

A region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.

A functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.

A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

Proteins that control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

A ribosomal binding site in the mRNA, generally located 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG. It aligns the ribosome with the start codon in prokaryotic translation.

In the context of translation, the process by which a ribosome moves one codon length along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction.

The stage of protein synthesis where amino acids are sequentially added to a growing polypeptide chain.

The set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.

A post-transcriptional modification in which introns are removed and exons are joined prior to translation.

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

A type of RNA that conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

A DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors, called repressors, which thereby inhibit the expression of a gene.

A protein needed only for initiation of RNA synthesis. It is a bacterial transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase to gene promoters.

The process by which the synthesis of a polypeptide chain is terminated when the ribosome encounters a stop codon.

The bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

Any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.

A specially altered nucleotide on the 5' end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA. This process is vital for the creation of stable, mature mRNA.

The process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins.

Type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein.

A sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

The addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA. The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases.