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Meiosis and Genetic Variation
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Crossing Over in Prophase I
Recombination of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
Sister Chromatid Cohesion Release in Anaphase II
Allows sister chromatids to separate and enhances genetic variation if crossing over has occurred.
Segregation of alleles in Anaphase I
Separation of homologous chromosomes, leading to each gamete receiving a different set of alleles.
Reduction Division in Meiosis I
Halves the number of chromosomes, producing haploid cells from diploid cells.
Telomere Shortening
Can result in variation of chromosomal stability and potentially contribute to aging and disease.
Genetic Recombination in Metaphase I
Aligned recombinant chromosomes can randomly assort to promote variation.
Mitochondrial DNA Segregation
Mitochondria are inherited maternally, and any variation contributes to genetic diversity.
Random Fertilization
Union of two gametes from different parents produces a unique combination of alleles.
Nondisjunction Events
Atypical separation of chromosomes can lead to genetic diversity, potentially causing disorders.
Centromere Orientation in Metaphase II
Unique orientation can lead to different combinations of chromosomes in daughter cells.
Meiotic Drive
Biased segregation of alleles that can increase the frequency of a particular allele in a population.
Independent Assortment in Metaphase I
Random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs at the metaphase plate.
Chiasma Formation
Physical manifestation of crossing over in Prophase I, facilitates the exchange of genetic material.
Gene Conversion during Crossing Over
Nonreciprocal genetic exchange that can produce new allele combinations.
Synapsis Formation in Prophase I
Pairing of homologous chromosomes, allowing crossing over and genetic recombination.
DNA Replication occurs before Meiosis I
Creates two copies of each chromosome, setting the stage for crossing over and segregation.
Zygotic Chromosome Combinations
The unique combination of chromosomes from each parent promotes genetic diversity.
Translocation of Chromosome Segments
Exchange of DNA between nonhomologous chromosomes can create new gene linkages.
Mismatch Repair During Meiosis
Post-replicative mismatch repair mechanisms can increase genetic diversity by creating new alleles.
Chromosome Length Variability
Variation in length can result from events like crossing over, affecting inheritance and gene expression.
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