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A genetic engineering process where CRISPR-Cas9 is used to disrupt the function of a gene, often by creating small insertions or deletions.

A versatile and precise genome editing technique that uses a Cas9 nickase and a specially engineered reverse transcriptase.

A precise DNA repair mechanism used in conjunction with CRISPR-Cas9 when introducing specific mutations or inserting new genetic material.

A process where CRISPR-Cas9 and HDR are used to insert a specific DNA sequence into a particular genomic location.

Unintended genetic modifications in non-target locations in the genome caused by CRISPR-Cas9 action.

A molecular tool used to make precise changes in the DNA of organisms, from bacteria to human cells.

A DNA repair mechanism that often leads to insertions or deletions when used with CRISPR-Cas9, potentially knocking out a gene.

A genetic engineering technique that promotes the inheritance of a particular gene or trait to increase its prevalence in a population.

A synthetic RNA molecule designed to guide Cas9 to a specific location in the genome where a cut is intended.

An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific location dictated by an RNA guide sequence.

A short sequence of DNA recognized by Cas9 enzyme to initiate binding and create a double-strand break.

A class of CRISPR-based tools enabling the direct, irreversible conversion of one DNA base pair to another without introducing DNA breaks.

An alternative CRISPR protein to Cas9 that has distinct PAM requirements and produces staggered DNA cuts.

A modified form of Cas9 that still binds to DNA but no longer cuts, used in gene regulation applications.