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Genetic Engineering Techniques
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CRISPR-Cas9
A genome editing tool that allows for precise, directed changes to genomic DNA. CRISPR-Cas9 uses a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to a specific sequence for cutting.
Gel Electrophoresis
A technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and charge, using an electric field through a gel matrix.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A method used to amplify a specific DNA segment. It involves cycles of heating and cooling that enable DNA denaturation, annealing of primers, and extension by a DNA polymerase.
Recombinant DNA Technology
A method used to join together DNA molecules from two different species and insert them into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations.
Gene Therapy
A technique that aims to treat or prevent disease by modifying the genes within an individual's cells.
RNA Interference (RNAi)
A biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules.
Northern Blotting
A technique to detect specific RNA sequences, where RNA is separated by gel electrophoresis, transferred to a membrane, and probed with labelled molecules.
Southern Blotting
A method for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. DNA is fragmented, separated by electrophoresis, and then transferred to a membrane to be probed.
Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
A type of engineered DNA-binding protein that facilitates targeted editing of the genome by creating double-strand breaks in DNA at user-specified locations.
TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases)
Genetic engineering tools that can cut specific sequences of DNA. They are made of a transcription activator-like effector DNA-binding domain fused to a DNA cleavage domain.
Microarray Analysis
A tool used to analyze gene expression by allowing researchers to examine large numbers of DNA probes simultaneously on a small chip.
Gene Knockout
A genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ('knocked out' of the genome).
Gene Knock-in
A genetic engineering technique that allows for the insertion of a gene at a particular locus. This is used to introduce a new gene or modify an endogenous gene.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
A high-throughput DNA sequencing technology that has revolutionized genomics by allowing the sequencing of an entire human genome within a single day.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
A cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with a high degree of sequence complementarity.
Sanger Sequencing
A method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
Studies that are conducted to find the association between specific genetic variants and particular diseases by scanning the genomes from many different people.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
A method used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for a particular protein of interest.
Phage Display
A lab technique used to study protein-protein, protein-peptide, and protein-DNA interactions by fusing the protein of interest to a bacteriophage coat protein.
Homologous Recombination
A type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA.
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