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Genetic Engineering Techniques
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CRISPR-Cas9
A genome editing tool that allows for precise, directed changes to genomic DNA. CRISPR-Cas9 uses a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to a specific sequence for cutting.
Gel Electrophoresis
A technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and charge, using an electric field through a gel matrix.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A method used to amplify a specific DNA segment. It involves cycles of heating and cooling that enable DNA denaturation, annealing of primers, and extension by a DNA polymerase.
Southern Blotting
A method for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. DNA is fragmented, separated by electrophoresis, and then transferred to a membrane to be probed.
Northern Blotting
A technique to detect specific RNA sequences, where RNA is separated by gel electrophoresis, transferred to a membrane, and probed with labelled molecules.
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
Studies that are conducted to find the association between specific genetic variants and particular diseases by scanning the genomes from many different people.
Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
A type of engineered DNA-binding protein that facilitates targeted editing of the genome by creating double-strand breaks in DNA at user-specified locations.
Gene Therapy
A technique that aims to treat or prevent disease by modifying the genes within an individual's cells.
Gene Knockout
A genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ('knocked out' of the genome).
Sanger Sequencing
A method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
A method used to determine the location of DNA binding sites on the genome for a particular protein of interest.
Phage Display
A lab technique used to study protein-protein, protein-peptide, and protein-DNA interactions by fusing the protein of interest to a bacteriophage coat protein.
Gene Knock-in
A genetic engineering technique that allows for the insertion of a gene at a particular locus. This is used to introduce a new gene or modify an endogenous gene.
Recombinant DNA Technology
A method used to join together DNA molecules from two different species and insert them into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
A high-throughput DNA sequencing technology that has revolutionized genomics by allowing the sequencing of an entire human genome within a single day.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
A cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with a high degree of sequence complementarity.
RNA Interference (RNAi)
A biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules.
Homologous Recombination
A type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA.
Microarray Analysis
A tool used to analyze gene expression by allowing researchers to examine large numbers of DNA probes simultaneously on a small chip.
TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases)
Genetic engineering tools that can cut specific sequences of DNA. They are made of a transcription activator-like effector DNA-binding domain fused to a DNA cleavage domain.
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