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Genetic Linkage and Mapping
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Morgan's Law of Linkage
Morgan's law states that genes close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together. This principle is used to estimate the distance between genes and map their location on chromosomes.
Three-point Test Cross
A three-point test cross involves crossing a trihybrid organism with a triple homozygous recessive partner to analyze recombination among three loci at once, streamlining the mapping process.
Recombination Frequency
Recombination frequency is the proportion of offspring whose genotype reflects a recombination event between linked genes. It's used as an indicator of the physical distance between genes on a chromosome.
Two-point Test Cross
A two-point test cross analyzes the recombination between two loci to determine their genetic distance and order on the chromosome. It's useful for constructing basic genetic maps.
Centimorgan (cM)
A centimorgan is a unit of measure for genetic linkage which represents a 1% recombination frequency. It's used to express distances on a genetic map.
Genetic Marker
A genetic marker is a known DNA sequence that can be used to identify a location on a chromosome. They are essential tools in genetic mapping and linkage analysis.
Multipoint Linkage Analysis
Multipoint linkage analysis is used to determine the order of three or more genetic loci and estimate the distances between them based on observed recombinations.
Linkage Map
A linkage map is a genetic map based on the recombination frequencies between markers. It shows the arrangement of genes and genetic markers on a chromosome.
Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
FISH is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
Lod Score
Lod score is used in linkage analysis to evaluate the probability of genetic linkage between two loci versus independent assortment, with scores above 3 considered evidence of linkage.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
SNPs are DNA sequence variations occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome sequence is altered. They serve as markers for locating genes associated with diseases or traits.
Physical Map
A physical map represents the actual physical distances between genes or genetic markers on a chromosome, often measured in base pairs.
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping
QTL mapping identifies regions of the genome associated with quantitative traits, traits influenced by multiple genes, by correlating genetic markers with the extent of a trait.
Haplotype
A haplotype is a group of genes within an organism that was inherited together from a single parent. Haplotypes can be used to study ancestry and the inheritance of genetic disorders.
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
GWAS are studies that scan genomes from many individuals to find genetic variants associated with a trait by looking at the presence of SNPs.
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