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Genetic Linkage and Mapping

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Morgan's Law of Linkage

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Morgan's law states that genes close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together. This principle is used to estimate the distance between genes and map their location on chromosomes.

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Three-point Test Cross

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A three-point test cross involves crossing a trihybrid organism with a triple homozygous recessive partner to analyze recombination among three loci at once, streamlining the mapping process.

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Recombination Frequency

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Recombination frequency is the proportion of offspring whose genotype reflects a recombination event between linked genes. It's used as an indicator of the physical distance between genes on a chromosome.

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Two-point Test Cross

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A two-point test cross analyzes the recombination between two loci to determine their genetic distance and order on the chromosome. It's useful for constructing basic genetic maps.

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Centimorgan (cM)

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A centimorgan is a unit of measure for genetic linkage which represents a 1% recombination frequency. It's used to express distances on a genetic map.

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Genetic Marker

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A genetic marker is a known DNA sequence that can be used to identify a location on a chromosome. They are essential tools in genetic mapping and linkage analysis.

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Multipoint Linkage Analysis

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Multipoint linkage analysis is used to determine the order of three or more genetic loci and estimate the distances between them based on observed recombinations.

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Linkage Map

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A linkage map is a genetic map based on the recombination frequencies between markers. It shows the arrangement of genes and genetic markers on a chromosome.

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Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

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FISH is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.

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Lod Score

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Lod score is used in linkage analysis to evaluate the probability of genetic linkage between two loci versus independent assortment, with scores above 3 considered evidence of linkage.

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

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SNPs are DNA sequence variations occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome sequence is altered. They serve as markers for locating genes associated with diseases or traits.

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Physical Map

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A physical map represents the actual physical distances between genes or genetic markers on a chromosome, often measured in base pairs.

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Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping

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QTL mapping identifies regions of the genome associated with quantitative traits, traits influenced by multiple genes, by correlating genetic markers with the extent of a trait.

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Haplotype

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A haplotype is a group of genes within an organism that was inherited together from a single parent. Haplotypes can be used to study ancestry and the inheritance of genetic disorders.

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Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

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GWAS are studies that scan genomes from many individuals to find genetic variants associated with a trait by looking at the presence of SNPs.

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