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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
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Interphase
A period of cell growth and DNA replication before mitosis begins. It consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
G1 Phase
The first phase of Interphase where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins essential for DNA replication.
S Phase
The phase of Interphase where DNA replication occurs, resulting in chromosomes with identical sister chromatids.
G2 Phase
The final phase of Interphase, during which the cell prepares for mitosis, synthesizing proteins and organelles.
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
Prometaphase
The stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope is completely dissolved and spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores on chromosomes.
Metaphase
The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane, known as the metaphase plate.
Anaphase
The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense, nuclear envelopes re-form, and the spindle apparatus disassembles.
Cytokinesis
The process where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material.
Checkpoint
Control mechanisms in the cell cycle that ensure the process is proceeding correctly and is crucial for the maintenance of genomic stability.
Spindle Apparatus
A structure composed of microtubules that segregates chromosomes into the daughter cells during mitosis.
Centrosome
An organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center and is the source of the spindle fibers during mitosis.
Chromatid
Each of the two thread-like strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
Kinetochore
A protein structure on chromatids where spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart.
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