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DNA Structure and Function
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DNA Replication
The process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
RNA Primer
A short strand of RNA that is synthesized by primase during DNA replication and provides a starting point for DNA polymerase.
Histones
Protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin.
Base Pair
Two nitrogenous bases on opposite DNA strands that interact through hydrogen bonds; adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, which when condensed forms chromosomes.
Antiparallel Strands
Refers to the opposite orientation of the two strands of DNA; one strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction and the other in the 3' to 5' direction.
DNA Ligase
An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments to form a single, continuous DNA strand.
DNA Polymerase
An enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.
Nucleotide
The basic building block of DNA, composed of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
Leading Strand
The strand of the DNA double helix that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication.
Double Helix
The three-dimensional structure of DNA, consisting of two strands that twist around each other.
Hydrogen Bond
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
Deoxyribose Sugar
A five-carbon sugar molecule that is part of the backbone of DNA molecules.
Lagging Strand
The strand of the DNA double helix that is synthesized discontinuously (in short segments) during DNA replication.
Okazaki Fragments
Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication.
Complementary Base Pairing
The specific pairing of base A with T and base C with G in DNA.
Helicase
An enzyme that is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication.
Genome
The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
Phosphate Group
A group of molecules that connects two deoxyribose sugars through phosphodiester bonds, forming the backbone of the DNA molecule.
Nitrogenous Base
A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes genetic information in cells.
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