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Communication Models and Theories
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Berlo's S-M-C-R Model
Focuses on the relationship among the following components: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver. Emphasizes the skills and attitudes of the source and receiver, the content of the message, and the channels used.
Cultivation Theory
Asserts that long-term exposure to media content has a small but accumulating influence on the perception of social reality for individuals, particularly in terms of violence and aggression.
Face Negotiation Theory
Explains how individuals from different cultures manage conflict negotiation to maintain 'face' or personal image. It emphasizes facework strategies in intercultural communication settings.
Communicative Action Theory
Focuses on rational dialogue aimed at achieving mutual understanding and is grounded in the ability of participants to communicate free from domination and deception.
Shannon-Weaver Model
A mathematical model of communication that includes six elements: sender, encoder, channel, decoder, receiver, and noise. It emphasizes the technical aspects of communication.
Barnlund's Transactional Model
Describes communication as a complex, simultaneously occurring feedback loop where both parties in a conversation are perceived as senders and receivers.
Grice's Cooperative Principle
Suggests that speakers and listeners in a conversation have a mutual understanding and adhere to four conversational maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relevance, and Manner.
Lasswell's Model
A one-way communication model that asks: Who? Says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect? It's useful for content analysis and media studies.
Schramm's Model of Communication
Considers communication to be a two-way process including feedback. It involves an encoder/decoder who sends a message through a medium to a receiver/decoder.
Spiral of Silence Theory
Proposes that individuals are more likely to silence themselves if they believe their opinions are in the minority, due to fear of isolation or reprisal.
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