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Symptoms: Yellow spots on upper leaf surfaces and a downy growth on the undersides. Affected crops: Grapes, lettuce, cucurbits. Prevention/Treatment: Plant resistant varieties, ensure proper air circulation, use fungicides.

Symptoms: Gray-brown fuzzy mold on flowers, leaves, and stems, soft rot on fruit. Affected crops: Strawberries, grapes, and many ornamentals. Prevention/Treatment: Improve air circulation, reduce humidity, apply fungicides.

Symptoms: Sudden wilt of the plant without yellowing, ooze from cut stems. Affected crops: Cucumbers, melons, tomatoes. Prevention/Treatment: Use resistant varieties, control cucumber beetles, rotate crops.

Symptoms: Dark spots on leaves and fruit, which eventually lead to rot. Affected crops: Tomatoes, Potatoes. Prevention/Treatment: Plant resistant cultivars, practice crop rotation, apply fungicides.

Symptoms: Wilted leaves, often starting at the bottom of the plant, yellowing and death of branches. Affected crops: Eggplants, tomatoes, strawberries. Prevention/Treatment: Crop rotation, solarize soil, use resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Yellowing and wilting of leaves, starting with the lower leaves, stunted growth. Affected crops: Tomatoes, bananas, melons. Prevention/Treatment: Use disease-free seeds, avoid water stress, apply fungicides.

Symptoms: White powdery spots on leaves and stems. Affected crops: Many including squash, cucumbers, and roses. Prevention/Treatment: Increase air circulation, avoid overhead watering, apply sulfur-based fungicides.

Symptoms: Olive-green to black spots on apple foliage and fruit. Affected crops: Apples, pears. Prevention/Treatment: Apply fungicides, prune to increase air circulation, plant scab-resistant cultivars.

Symptoms: Sunken lesions on fruits, leaves, or stems, dark spores in the center of lesions. Affected crops: Beans, cucumbers, grapes. Prevention/Treatment: Plant resistant varieties, remove crop debris, apply fungicides.

Symptoms: Small, water-soaked spots on leaves that turn brown or black, leaf drop. Affected crops: Peppers, tomatoes, lettuce. Prevention/Treatment: Use pathogen-free seed, apply copper sprays, rotate crops.

Symptoms: Yellow-orange spots on undersides of leaves. Affected crops: Wheat, beans, and ornamentals. Prevention/Treatment: Plant resistant varieties, remove infected plants, apply fungicides.

Symptoms: Large, swollen, gray galls filled with black spores on corn ears, tassels, leaves. Affected crops: Corn. Prevention/Treatment: Rotate crops, plant smut-resistant varieties, destroy infected plants.

Symptoms: Wilting and blackening of shoots, 'shepherd's crook' bend at tips. Affected crops: Apples, pears, some ornamentals. Prevention/Treatment: Prune infected branches, avoid excessive nitrogen, apply bactericides.

Symptoms: Swollen, deformed roots, stunted plant growth, wilt during the day. Affected crops: Cabbage family including broccoli and cauliflower. Prevention/Treatment: Adjust soil pH to above 7.2, use clean equipment, apply fungicides.