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Description: Use of sensors and IoT technology to monitor and automatically adjust watering schedules. Pros: Water-saving, precision agriculture. Cons: Requires investment in technology, depends on sensor accuracy.

Description: Water is delivered below the soil surface directly to the root zone. Pros: Reduced evaporation, minimal surface disturbance. Cons: Complex installation, risk of root diseases if poorly managed.

Description: Imitates rainfall by spraying water over crops. Pros: Can be automated, covers a large area. Cons: Water loss through evaporation and drift, inefficient in windy conditions.

Description: Delivers water directly to the base or root of the plant through emitters. Pros: Reduces water usage, minimizes weed growth. Cons: High initial cost, emitters can become clogged.

Description: Watering by hand using hoses, watering cans, or buckets. Pros: Total control over watering, good for small gardens. Cons: Time-consuming, labor-intensive, not scalable.

Description: Involves flooding an entire field with water, allowing it to soak in. Pros: Can be efficient for certain crop types, simple set-up. Cons: Waterlogging risk, not suitable for all crops.

Description: Involves creating furrows between crop rows and filling them with water. Pros: Inexpensive, familiar to many farmers. Cons: Inefficient water use, potential for soil erosion.

Description: Uses gravity to distribute water over the soil surface. Pros: Simple and cost-effective. Cons: Inefficient water distribution, large water loss due to evaporation and runoff.

Description: A form of overhead sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe with wheels that rotate around a pivot. Pros: Automated and efficient for large fields. Cons: Expensive setup, requires flat terrain.