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Causal Fungi: Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum) Effects on Plants: Causes disease and lowers crop quality Effects on Humans: Estrogenic effects, reproductive disorders

Causal Fungi: Fusarium spp. (F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum) Effects on Plants: Causes disease in maize (kernel rot) Effects on Humans: Neurotoxic, carcinogenic (esophageal cancer)

Causal Fungi: Alternaria spp. (A. alternata) Effects on Plants: Causes black rot and leaf spots Effects on Humans: Mutagenic and teratogenic effects are suspected

Causal Fungi: Fusarium spp. (F. moniliforme) Effects on Plants: Causes stalk rot of maize and head blight of wheat Effects on Humans: Cardiotoxicity, alters electrolyte balance

Causal Fungi: Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys spp. (P. expansum, A. clavatus) Effects on Plants: Fruit decay, especially in apples Effects on Humans: DNA damage, immunosuppression, gastrointestinal disturbances

Causal Fungi: Claviceps spp. (C. purpurea) Effects on Plants: Causes ergot disease in rye and other cereals Effects on Humans: Neurotoxicity, vasoconstrictive effects, hallucinations

Causal Fungi: Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. (P. cyclopium, A. flavus) Effects on Plants: Can cause leaf blight in some cases Effects on Humans: Neurotoxic, causes gastrointestinal disturbances

Causal Fungi: Penicillium, Monascus, and Aspergillus spp. (P. citrinum) Effects on Plants: Fruit and grain spoilage Effects on Humans: Nephrotoxic and potentially hepatotoxic

Causal Fungi: Fusarium spp. (F. avenaceum) Effects on Plants: Inhibits seed germination and growth Effects on Humans: Cytotoxicity, gastrointestinal disturbance

Causal Fungi: Fusarium spp. (F. oxysporum) Effects on Plants: Inhibits plant cell growth Effects on Humans: Cytotoxic and has potential antimicrobial properties

Causal Fungi: Alternaria spp. (A. alternata) Effects on Plants: Reduces crop yield and quality Effects on Humans: Hematotoxic and immunosuppressive effects

Causal Fungi: Aspergillus spp. (A. flavus and A. parasiticus) Effects on Plants: Causes disease and crop losses Effects on Humans: Carcinogenic, immune suppression, growth impairment

Causal Fungi: Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. (A. ochraceus, P. verrucosum) Effects on Plants: Reduced crop yield Effects on Humans: Nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic

Causal Fungi: Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum) Effects on Plants: Inhibits plant growth and development Effects on Humans: Immunotoxic, skin irritation, alimentary toxic aleukia