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A signaling molecule important for systemic acquired resistance and the activation of defense genes.

A gaseous plant hormone that can induce the expression of defense genes and modulate response to stress.

Production of toxic secondary metabolites, like alkaloids or phenolics, which deter herbivores and pathogens.

Localized cell death around the infection site to limit pathogen spread.

Phenolic compounds that can bind to and precipitate proteins and other compounds, providing defense against herbivores.

A 'whole-plant' resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen.

A post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism that degrades viral RNA.

The accumulation of callose polysaccharides at the site of infection to reinforce cell walls.

Compounds released by plants under attack that can deter herbivores or attract their predators.

The process of depositing lignin into cell walls to strengthen them and make them more resistant to pathogen penetration.

Structural features that prevent pathogen entry, such as thick cell walls, waxy cuticles, and bark.

Resistance governed by specific genes that can recognize pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes and trigger defenses.

Pathogenesis-related proteins that are produced by the plant in response to pathogen infection.

Small cysteine-rich peptides that possess antimicrobial properties.

Proteins that help protect the plant against stress conditions that can be exploited by pathogens.

Defensive responses tailored to pathogens that kill host tissue and feed on the dead matter.

Rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of pathogen attack, contributing to cell wall strengthening and signaling.

A signaling pathway that activates defense genes in response to wounding and insect attack.

Enzymes that degrade chitin in fungal cell walls, providing a defense against fungal pathogens.