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Structural features that prevent pathogen entry, such as thick cell walls, waxy cuticles, and bark.

Production of toxic secondary metabolites, like alkaloids or phenolics, which deter herbivores and pathogens.

Localized cell death around the infection site to limit pathogen spread.

A 'whole-plant' resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen.

Resistance governed by specific genes that can recognize pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes and trigger defenses.

Antimicrobial compounds that are synthesized in response to pathogen attack.

Pathogenesis-related proteins that are produced by the plant in response to pathogen infection.

A post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism that degrades viral RNA.

Rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of pathogen attack, contributing to cell wall strengthening and signaling.

A signaling pathway that activates defense genes in response to wounding and insect attack.

A signaling molecule important for systemic acquired resistance and the activation of defense genes.

A gaseous plant hormone that can induce the expression of defense genes and modulate response to stress.

Defensive responses tailored to pathogens that kill host tissue and feed on the dead matter.

Compounds released by plants under attack that can deter herbivores or attract their predators.

Small cysteine-rich peptides that possess antimicrobial properties.

The accumulation of callose polysaccharides at the site of infection to reinforce cell walls.

Phenolic compounds that can bind to and precipitate proteins and other compounds, providing defense against herbivores.

Enzymes that degrade chitin in fungal cell walls, providing a defense against fungal pathogens.

Proteins that help protect the plant against stress conditions that can be exploited by pathogens.