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Structural features that prevent pathogen entry, such as thick cell walls, waxy cuticles, and bark.

Pathogenesis-related proteins that are produced by the plant in response to pathogen infection.

Rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of pathogen attack, contributing to cell wall strengthening and signaling.

Proteins that help protect the plant against stress conditions that can be exploited by pathogens.

Localized cell death around the infection site to limit pathogen spread.

Resistance governed by specific genes that can recognize pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes and trigger defenses.

A signaling molecule important for systemic acquired resistance and the activation of defense genes.

Compounds released by plants under attack that can deter herbivores or attract their predators.

The process of depositing lignin into cell walls to strengthen them and make them more resistant to pathogen penetration.

A 'whole-plant' resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen.

A gaseous plant hormone that can induce the expression of defense genes and modulate response to stress.

Phenolic compounds that can bind to and precipitate proteins and other compounds, providing defense against herbivores.

The accumulation of callose polysaccharides at the site of infection to reinforce cell walls.

Production of toxic secondary metabolites, like alkaloids or phenolics, which deter herbivores and pathogens.

Antimicrobial compounds that are synthesized in response to pathogen attack.

A post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism that degrades viral RNA.

Small cysteine-rich peptides that possess antimicrobial properties.

A signaling pathway that activates defense genes in response to wounding and insect attack.

Defensive responses tailored to pathogens that kill host tissue and feed on the dead matter.