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A specific resistance gene in the plant interacts with a corresponding avirulence gene in the pathogen. Examples: Wheat stem rust resistance, potato late blight resistance.

Plant defenses enhanced by beneficial microbes without the plant having been infected by a pathogen. Examples: Resistance induced by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.

The innate immune response present in all plants that serves as the first line of defense against pathogens. Examples: Activation of MAP kinases, production of reactive oxygen species.

Plants produce chemicals that inhibit the growth of pathogens or competitors. Examples: Production of glucosinolates in Brassicaceae, juglone in walnut trees.

Chemical compounds and enzymes in the plant that inhibit pathogen growth or neutralize their toxins. Examples: Pathogenesis-related proteins, phytoalexins, PR (pathogenesis-related) proteins.

A 'whole-plant' resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen. Examples: SAR induced by prior pathogen attack, or by chemicals such as salicylic acid.

Resistance conferred by specific R genes that recognize pathogen effectors and activate defense responses. Examples: The tomato Cf gene against Cladosporium fulvum, the rice Xa21 gene against Xanthomonas oryzae.

Polygenic resistance determined by multiple genes that individually contribute to small effects on resistance. Examples: Rice blast resistance, partial resistance to cereal rusts.

Mechanical barriers and structures that impede pathogen entry or spread. Examples: Cuticle thickness, bark formation, trichomes, and stomatal closure.

Non-specific resistance that provides protection against a broad range of pathogens. Examples: Durable wheat rust resistance, tomato resistance to various diseases.

Race-specific resistance that is effective against specific pathogen strains. Examples: Resistance to certain races of wheat rust, potato resistance to certain races of blight.

Resistance against pathogens that kill host tissue and feed on the dead material (necrotrophs). Examples: Resistance to Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in certain plant species.

Localized cell death at the site of infection which restricts pathogen spread. Examples: Localized necrosis in response to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis, tomato spot wilt virus in resistant tomato cultivars.

Post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA that targets pathogen or pest nucleic acids. Examples: Virus resistance through RNA interference (RNAi), transgene-induced gene silencing.