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Examples: Not typically plant pathogens. Characteristics: Infectious protein particles that cause disease in animals, but prion-like proteins have been speculated to affect plant health.

Examples: Aster yellows phytoplasma, Apple proliferation phytoplasma. Characteristics: Similar to bacteria, but lack a cell wall and thrive within the plant phloem and insects; cause yellowing and stunting in plants.

Examples: Cephaleuros virescens, Prototheca spp. Characteristics: Eukaryotic, chlorophyll-containing organisms, some of which can cause diseases in plants like algal leaf spot.

Examples: Little leaf disease in peanuts, Peach X-disease. Characteristics: Similar to Phytoplasmas, lacking a cell wall, very small, and associated with plant diseases of unknown etiology.

Examples: Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp. Characteristics: Water molds that are similar to fungi but belong to a distinct kingdom; thrive in wet conditions and cause diseases such as late blight and damping off.

Examples: Not living pathogens but factors like temperature extremes, pH levels, salinity. Characteristics: Non-biological factors that can cause stress or damage to plants, leading to disease-like symptoms.

Examples: Striga spp. (witchweed), Orobanche spp. (broomrape). Characteristics: Plants that derive some or all of their nutritional requirements from another living plant, often causing stunting and wilting.

Examples: Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematodes), Heterodera spp. (cyst nematodes). Characteristics: Microscopic, worm-like organisms that infect plant roots, causing galls or disrupting water and nutrient uptake.

Examples: Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus. Characteristics: Submicroscopic, infectious agents that can only replicate within a living host cell.

Examples: Not typically considered plant pathogens. Characteristics: Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae or cyanobacterium; mostly non-pathogenic and often found on the surface of plants.

Examples: Not typically plant pathogens. Characteristics: Single-celled prokaryotes similar to bacteria but with unique biochemistry; some extremophiles among them might affect plant growth in extreme conditions.

Examples: Potato spindle tuber viroid, Chrysanthemum stunt viroid. Characteristics: Consist of a short strand of circular, single-stranded RNA without a protein coat; cause diseases by interfering with plant growth regulation.

Examples: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonas campestris. Characteristics: Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that multiply rapidly and can cause disease through toxins or cellular damage.

Examples: Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia graminis. Characteristics: Eukaryotic organisms that include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms; they cause diseases by secreting enzymes that degrade host tissues.