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A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events or breeding practices, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity. It's significant because it can have long-term effects on the genetic health and adaptability of poultry populations.

A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. In poultry breeding, mutations can provide new genetic variations which may be beneficial or detrimental.

A form of inbreeding that aims to maintain a high genetic relationship to a particular ancestor or line of ancestors with desirable traits. In poultry breeding, it must be managed to retain traits without incurring inbreeding depression.

A measure of how much of the variation in a trait can be attributed to genetic factors, typically denoted as $h^2$. It is significant for predicting the response to selection and for choosing breeding strategies.

The process by which humans breed animals and plants for particular genetic traits. In poultry, it's used to enhance desirable traits such as egg production, growth rate, and meat quality.

A method of selection where genome-wide DNA markers are used to predict the breeding value of an individual. It allows for more accurate and faster selection decisions in poultry breeding programs.

The difference between the mean phenotype of the selected individuals and the mean phenotype of the entire population, often denoted as $S$. It's important for its direct correlation with the response to selection in poultry breeding.

The non-random association of alleles at two or more loci. In breeding, understanding linkage disequilibrium is important to identify genetic markers linked to desirable traits in poultry.

Interaction between genes wherein the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes. It's significant in breeding as it can affect the expression of traits and complicate selection efforts.

The interaction between genetic makeup (G) and environmental conditions (E) that can affect an individual's phenotype. It’s important for breeders to consider to ensure that selected birds will thrive in their intended environments.

The improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. Important in poultry breeding because crossing different strains can result in a progeny with superior production traits.

A decrease in performance or health traits due to mating of closely related individuals, which increases homozygosity and can bring deleterious alleles together. It is significant as it can negatively affect productivity and is to be managed in breeding programs.

The pattern of inheritance that is characteristic of genes located on the sex chromosomes. It is significant in poultry breeding particularly for traits like egg production that are specific to one sex.

Regions of the genome that are associated with a quantitative trait. They are significant as they help in identifying genetic markers associated with traits of interest in selective poultry breeding.

The phenomenon where one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits. In poultry breeding, it can complicate selection because a gene that affects a desirable trait might also influence an undesirable one.

The process of mating individuals from different breeds or strains. In poultry, crossbreeding can be used to combine different desirable traits and produce hybrid vigor.

A phenomenon where sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats varies between individuals in the population. CNVs can influence traits and are an important consideration in poultry genomics.

The principles of heredity proposed by Gregor Mendel which include segregation and independent assortment. They form the basis for traditional genetic selection in poultry breeding.

The use of molecular markers to select individuals with desired traits for breeding. It's an important tool in poultry genetics as it can increase the efficiency of selecting for traits that are difficult to measure.