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Advantages: Clear chain of command, easy-to-understand structure, specialization within departments. Disadvantages: Can be bureaucratic, slower decision-making, risk of low employee morale due to perceived distance from upper management.

Advantages: Faster decision-making, high employee morale due to closeness to decision-makers, fosters open communication and collaboration. Disadvantages: Can lead to role confusion, potentially unsustainable as the organization grows, may place heavy demands on leadership.

Advantages: Flexible and dynamic, optimal use of resources, encourages cooperation across different functions. Disadvantages: Complexity can cause confusion, potential for conflict between two managers, challenges in balancing time and resources across projects.

Advantages: Highly flexible and adaptable, cost savings due to outsourced operations, access to a wide pool of talent. Disadvantages: Lack of control over outsourced functions, can lead to cultural and communication challenges, potential for a fragmented organizational identity.