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Contrast occurs when two elements are different in a way that makes them stand out. It is used to draw attention to key elements and organize information by highlighting important features.

Repetition involves repeating visual elements throughout the design. It creates consistency and helps with brand recognition and the overall cohesiveness of the document.

Proximity refers to the spatial relationship between design elements. Group related items close together to indicate a relationship and make information easier to digest.

White space, or negative space, refers to the areas of a design left blank. It gives the content room to breathe, helps focus attention on specific elements, and can make a design appear more elegant.

Typography is the art of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing. Good typography guides the reader through the content and enhances the message.

Hierarchy is used to signal the importance of various elements to the reader. Bigger and bolder elements are seen as more important. Typography, color, and placement can help establish this.

Color is a powerful design tool that can be used to attract attention, group elements, convey meaning, and enhance aesthetics. It can also influence the psychological response of the reader.

Alignment creates a sharper, more ordered design by ensuring elements line up along common edges or center lines. It provides a visual connection between elements, enhancing readability.

Chunking involves breaking down information into smaller, manageable units (or 'chunks') that are easier to process and remember. This helps in organizing content in a way that makes sense to the user.

Modularity refers to creating standardized units or sections that can be rearranged or used interchangeably. In design, this allows for scalability and flexibility while maintaining consistency.

Simplicity is the design principle of making the user interface clean and uncluttered. Use the minimum amount of content necessary to convey the message effectively.