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The yield point is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point, the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.

Fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads. It is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading.

Flame cutting is a thermal cutting process used to cut steel to size, using a flame produced by burning a fuel gas in the presence of oxygen, often prior to assembly or welding.

The slenderness ratio of a column is the effective length of the column divided by the least radius of gyration, which measures the column's propensity to buckle. A higher ratio indicates a greater likelihood of buckling.

Struts and ties are elements in a structure that resist compression and tension, respectively. Struts support loads in compression, while ties carry loads in tension.

Web crippling is the local failure of a beam's web due to concentrated loads or reactions. This typically occurs near supports or under concentrated loads where shear is high.

Column base plates are steel plates used at the bottom of columns to disperse the load over a larger area of the concrete foundation, increasing its load-carrying capacity and helping to prevent crush failure.

Moment of inertia is a measure of an object's resistance to changes to its rotation. It is also a property that affects the deflection of beams in structural engineering, calculated by the integral of $r^2 dA$, where $r$ is the distance to the axis and $dA$ is the differential area.

Bolted connections are a common type of fasteners used in steel construction to join members. They are favored for their ease of installation, inspectability, and the capacity for disassembly.

Buckling refers to the sudden collapse of a column or long slender member subjected to high compressive stress, leading to a deformation pattern characterized by large lateral deflection.

Fracture toughness is a material's ability to resist crack propagation. Materials with high fracture toughness can absorb more energy and exhibit greater resistance to cracking under stress.

Plasticity is the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces. Plastic deformation is permanent and does not disappear when the force is removed.

Stress concentration is the occurrence of localized stress around discontinuities or irregularities in a material. Higher stresses occur at these points compared to the rest of the material.

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. This is an important consideration in steel design where temperature variations can cause expansion or contraction of the steel members.

Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, a material is crushed.

Shear strength is a material's ability to resist forces that can cause the internal structure of the material to slide against itself, leading to a failure in a manner parallel to the force applied.

Cambering is the process of pre-deflecting a structural member so that it can counteract the effect of deflection due to loads when in service, thus maintaining overall levelness.

Tensile strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking - which is when the specimen's cross-section starts to significantly contract.

Weldability is the capacity of a metal to be welded into a serviceable structure under fabrication conditions. The ease of welding can depend on the material's chemical composition, thermal conductivity, and thickness.

Bracing in structures is used to resist lateral forces, helping to stabilize the structure by increasing its rigidity. Bracing comes in various forms like cross, diagonal, and K-bracing.

Construction joints are specific locations within a concrete structure where the concrete pour can be stopped and later resumed. They are intentionally created to accommodate the logistics of construction.

Ductility is the measure of a material's ability to deform under tensile stress. Highly ductile materials can be stretched into a wire without fracturing.

Pre-stressing is a technique where a concrete member is reinforced with tendons (usually made of high-strength steel) that are tensioned before the concrete is cast, which places the concrete in compression and counteracts tensile forces.

Corrosion resistance is the ability of a material to withstand damage caused by oxidizing agents and chemical reactions. Protective coatings and selection of materials resistant to corrosion are common methods to increase longevity.

The elastic modulus, or Young's modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of a material. It is a mechanical property that shows the relationship between stress and strain in the elastic deformation of the material.

Hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance to permanent deformation when a constant load is applied. It measures the resistance to indentation and scratching.

Factor of Safety (FoS) is the ratio of the maximum load a structure can handle to the intended load or stress. It's a safety measure to avoid structural failure due to unforeseen loads or imperfect design.

Load path is the route through which loads are transferred from the point of application, through various structural elements, to the ground. Ensuring a clear and direct load path is crucial for structural integrity.

Riveting is a permanent mechanical fastening technique used to join metal parts with a cylindrical shaft known as a rivet. This method is less common today, replaced largely by welding and bolting.