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The time-dependent gradual deformation of concrete under sustained load, which can result in long-term deflection or deformation.

Special measures needed to counteract the rapid hydration and evaporation in hot weather, including cooling the ingredients, using retarders, and preventing premature drying.

Siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials that react with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water to form compounds possessing cementitious properties; examples include fly ash and silica fume.

Classification of concrete strength, generally specified by the minimum compressive strength at 28 days, measured in MPa (e.g., M20, M25, M30, where 'M' indicates 'Mix' and the number represents MPa strength).

Processes and precautions taken to cure concrete in cold weather, which includes protecting the mix from freezing and using admixtures to prevent delays in setting time.

The process of maintaining adequate moisture, temperature, and time to allow concrete to achieve its strength potential; usually takes place over several days.

The ability of concrete to resist tension forces; generally much lower than its compressive strength, which is why reinforcement is often required.

A common type of cement used in concrete composed of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron, and other ingredients; it acts as a binding agent when mixed with water and aggregates.

A test to measure the consistency and workability of fresh concrete by measuring the slump (collapse) of a molded, inverted conical specimen after removal of the cone.

Substances added to concrete before or during mixing to modify its properties; includes accelerators, retarders, plasticizers, and superplasticizers.

A property of fresh concrete, determining how easily it can be mixed, placed, and finished without segregation; affected by the water-cement ratio and the use of admixtures.

A highly flowable type of concrete that can spread into place and fill the formwork without the need for mechanical vibration; known for its excellent deformability and stability.

Cracking that occurs in the surface of fresh concrete during its plastic state; caused by rapid loss of water from the surface, usually due to environmental conditions.

The process of selecting suitable ingredients for concrete and determining their relative quantities to produce concrete with certain performance characteristics.

Concrete with a lower density, achieved by using lightweight aggregates such as expanded clay, shale, or slate; used in situations where weight reduction is important.

Temporary or permanent molds into which concrete is poured to form the desired shape before it hardens; made of wood, metal, or plastic materials.

Concrete that is strengthened with embedded steel bars (rebar) or mesh to increase its tensile strength and ductility.

The ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix; a lower ratio leads to higher strength and durability but may decrease workability.

Concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity; fibers include steel, glass, synthetic and natural fibers.

A measure of the stiffness of concrete, defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic deformation phase; represented by $E_c$, where $E_c = w^{1.5} * 33 * sqrt{f'_c}$ for normal weight concrete, with $w$ being the density (lb/ft^3) and $f'_c$ the compressive strength (psi).

The distance between the outer surface of embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete, which protects the reinforcement from corrosion and fire.

A byproduct from burning pulverized coal in electric power generating plants; used as a replacement for Portland cement to enhance the properties of concrete.

The reduction in volume of concrete as it dries and hardens, often leading to cracking if not properly controlled.

A measure of how well concrete can withstand the conditions it is exposed to over time without significant deterioration; affected by the quality of the concrete and environmental factors.

Concrete that contains tiny air bubbles intentionally introduced during mixing to increase its freeze-thaw durability and workability.

The chemical reaction between cement and water that causes concrete to harden and gain strength over time; crucial for the curing process.

Granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and recycled concrete used as a composite material in construction; Aggregates provide strength and bulk to concrete.

The measure of concrete's ability to withstand loads that tend to compress it; expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa).

The separation of the components of wet concrete, resulting in an uneven mix with coarse aggregates settling and water rising to the top; undesirable as it weakens the concrete.