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Cellular Network Components
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Base Station
A base station consists of transceivers and antennas that facilitate wireless communication between the mobile devices and the network. It connects mobile users to the Network Backbone.
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Coordinates the routing of calls within the network and to external networks. It performs switching functions and database services such as billing, location updating, and handover requirements.
Cell Site
The cell site provides the physical space where antennas and electronic communications equipment are placed. It is a component of a base station and has a direct impact on network coverage.
Home Location Register (HLR)
A centralized database that stores details of every subscriber that is authorized to use the cellular network. It manages subscriber’s service profile and location information.
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
A temporary database which stores information about subscribers that are currently within the jurisdiction of the MSC it is attached to, aiding in call setup and roaming.
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Controls multiple base transceiver stations, manages their resources, and handles the setup, frequency hopping, and handovers of calls. Essentially, BSC acts as a mid-level manager between the MSC and BTS.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Contains the radio equipment necessary to serve each cell in the network. It handles the radio communications with the mobile device including signal transmission and reception.
Antenna
Antennas at the base station and within the mobile devices are responsible for the transmission and reception of radio frequency signals, thereby enabling wireless communication.
Radio Network Controller (RNC)
In 3G networks, the RNC controls multiple node Bs (equivalent to BTS in 2G), manages radio channels, and is responsible for handing off the connection from one cell to another.
E-UTRAN Node B (eNodeB)
In LTE networks, the eNodeB sends and receives radio transmissions to all mobiles using LTE within a certain area. It directly connects to the core network, and performs many of the functions previously carried out by both the BTS and BSC in 2G/3G networks.
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