Discover published sets by community

Burst error refers to a contiguous sequence of bits received in error due to a temporary malfunction in the transmission channel. Example: A noise spike corrupting several bits in a row would constitute a burst error.

BER is the percentage of bits that have errors relative to the total number of bits received in a transmission, usually expressed as ten to a negative power. Example: If 1 out of 1000 bits is erroneous, BER would be $1 imes 10^{-3}$.

Block codes encode data in blocks, adding redundant bits to facilitate error detection and correction. Example: A (7,4) block code takes 4 bits of data and adds 3 redundancy bits, creating a 7-bit block.

Interleaving is a technique to rearrange the data sequence to reduce the impact of burst errors on data transmission. Example: Data is arranged in a matrix and then read column-wise to spread out errors.

Echo cancellation is the process of eliminating echo from voice communications to improve clarity. Example: In a teleconferencing system, echo cancellation algorithms remove reflected sounds picked up by the microphone.

The Nyquist Rate is the minimum rate at which a signal can be sampled without introducing errors, twice the highest frequency of the signal. Example: For a signal with a 20 kHz frequency, the Nyquist Rate would be 40 kHz.

CIRC is an error correction technique combining Reed-Solomon coding with interleaving, used in CDs. Example: The technique scatters error over a wide area, which allows for easier correction by the Reed-Solomon algorithm.

The checksum is a simple method for error detection that adds up the binary values in a block of data and stores the sum. Example: The sum of a data block is sent along with the data and compared at the destination to the recalculated sum.

ARQ is an error correction technique that uses acknowledgments and timeouts to determine when to resend a message. Example: If a sender does not receive an acknowledgment before a timeout, it resends the message.

CRC is a type of hash function used to detect accidental changes to raw data. Data is divided by a predetermined polynomial leaving a remainder which is the 'CRC'. Example: The CRC of a data string might be sent alongside it and checked by the receiver.

FEC is a technique where the sender adds redundant data to the messages, allowing the receiver to detect and correct errors. Example: If a code adds 2 bits redundancy for every 4 bits of data, it can correct a 1-bit error in those 4 bits.

A parity check adds a single bit to data to make the number of 1s either always odd (odd parity) or always even (even parity). Example: In even parity, if the data is '1010', a '0' is added, making it '10100'.

Hamming Code is an FEC technique that uses check bits placed at certain positions to identify and correct single-bit errors. Example: With 4 data bits and 3 Hamming bits, an error in one can be detected and corrected.

Convolutional codes are FEC techniques that apply a series of convolutional operations to the input bits to generate redundant bits. Example: A convolutional encoder might take a sequence of input bits and apply different shift-register taps to produce coded output.