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Layer Models in Networking
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Physical Layer
Transmits raw bit stream over the physical medium, defines electrical and mechanical specifications of the interface and transmission medium.
Data Link Layer
Provides node-to-node data transfer, error correction, and flow control. Governs protocol access to the physical network medium.
Network Layer
Provides logical addressing, routing, and forwarding. Handles packet fragmentation and reassembly.
Transport Layer
Provides host-to-host communications, error recovery, and flow control. Ensures complete data transfer.
Session Layer
Controls dialogues (connections) between computers. Establishes, manages, and terminates connections.
Presentation Layer
Translates data from a format used by the application layer into a common format at the sending station, then back into a format known by the application layer at the receiving station.
Application Layer
Provides end-user services and interfaces directly with software applications. Facilitates communication between software applications and lower layers.
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