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Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Higher bandwidth indicates a higher data transfer rate, improving network performance by reducing congestion and transfer times.

Packet loss represents the percentage of packets that fail to reach their destination. Excessive packet loss can severely affect network reliability and application performance, particularly in real-time communications.

Error rate is the number of corrupted bits expressed as a percentage of total bits sent in a transmission. A lower error rate means a more reliable connection, crucial for error-sensitive applications.

Traffic shaping is the practice of regulating network data transfer to ensure a smooth and consistent data flow. It's vital for managing network congestion and ensuring fair bandwidth distribution.

Throughput is the actual rate of data transfer achieved by the network, typically less than the bandwidth due to various inefficiencies. It is an important measure of network capacity under real-world conditions.

Latency is the time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination across a network. Lower latency results in faster interactions and is crucial for real-time applications.

Jitter refers to the variation in delay of received packets. Minimizing jitter is vital for the quality of streaming and real-time services, as variable delays can cause packets to be out of order, affecting performance.