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IPv4 vs IPv6
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IPsec support
IPsec support is optional in IPv4 and can be implemented above the IP layer, but it is built into the IPv6 protocol and is considered a fundamental feature.
Address space
IPv4 provides 32-bit address space allowing for 2^32 addresses, whereas IPv6 provides 128-bit address space allowing for 2^128 addresses.
Broadcast addressing
IPv4 supports broadcast addressing, which sends a packet to all devices on a network. IPv6 has eliminated broadcast addressing and replaced it with multicast to a group of devices and anycast to the nearest device in a group.
Fragmentation
IPv4 allows fragmentation by routers along the packet's delivery path, but IPv6 only allows the source node to perform fragmentation, removing this duty from routers.
Header complexity
IPv4 headers are 20-60 bytes with optional fields, while IPv6 headers have a fixed size of 40 bytes without optional fields but allow for extension headers.
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