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Water circulation in estuaries results from freshwater flowing to the sea and the tidal action of the ocean. Example fauna: Estuarine seahorse (Hippocampus kuda); Flora: American sea blite (Suaeda californica).

Decomposing organic matter in estuaries fuels detritus-based food chains. Example fauna: Ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa); Flora: Common reed (Phragmites australis).

Decomposition of organic matter in estuaries can create low oxygen zones. Example fauna: Bloodworm (Glycera dibranchiata); Flora: Anaerobic bacteria and microbial communities.

Many fish and invertebrate species use estuaries as protected nursery areas. Example fauna: Juvenile Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus); Flora: Waterweed (Elodea canadensis).

Estuaries are highly productive with nutrient deposits from rivers and oceans, supporting diverse life. Example fauna: Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica); Flora: Eelgrass (Zostera marina).

Estuaries serve as a refuge and breeding ground for many species. Example fauna: Great Egret (Ardea alba); Flora: Sea lavender (Limonium carolinianum).

Estuaries act as buffers protecting inland areas from storm surges and coastal erosion. Example fauna: Sea otter (Enhydra lutris); Flora: Marsh grasses like Spartina spp.

Estuaries feature varying salinity levels from fresh to marine water influences. This affects species distribution. Example fauna: Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus); Flora: Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora).

The rise and fall of tides in estuaries create dynamic habitats. Example fauna: Mud crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii); Flora: Black mangrove (Avicennia germinans).