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Discarded plastic items and microplastics accumulate in the ocean, harming marine life through ingestion and entanglement.

Activities such as dredging and building sea walls destroy habitats, contribute to sedimentation, and alter water flow, affecting breeding and feeding grounds for marine life.

Untreated or partially treated sewage introduces pathogens and nutrients into coastal waters, endangering human health and marine ecosystems.

Solid waste like glass, metal, textiles, and rubber disposes of improperly can lead to injury or death of sea creatures through ingestion or entanglement.

Airborne pollutants from cars, factories, and agriculture fall back onto the ocean's surface, introducing toxic substances like mercury that bioaccumulate in marine food webs.

Large-scale release of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs, and wells, affecting marine life's health, reproduction, and habitat.

Chemicals and nutrients from fertilizers reach the ocean, leading to eutrophication and dead zones that lack sufficient oxygen for most marine life.

Discharges from ships, including ballast water and accidental spills, introduce invasive species and pollutants, disrupting local ecosystems.

Waste from nuclear power plants and industrial, medical, or scientific processes can cause mutations and cancer in marine organisms.

Metals like mercury and lead, even in low concentrations, can bioaccumulate in the food chain, harming the nervous system of marine species.

Increased CO2 absorption lowers pH levels in the ocean, affecting calcium carbonate-dependent organisms like corals and mollusks, and disrupting the food web.