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Species that are not native to a specific location and have a tendency to spread, which can cause damage to the environment, human economy, or human health.

A sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, extending 200 nautical miles from the coast of a state, over which the state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources.

The process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. In marine environments, it's often caused by human activities like dredging and bottom trawling.

The process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life, usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen.

Any persistent solid material that is manufactured or processed and directly or indirectly, intentionally or unintentionally, disposed of or abandoned into the marine environment or the Great Lakes.

The unwanted fish and other marine creatures caught during commercial fishing for a different species, contributing to declines in non-target populations.

A continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. It is a significant source of food for creatures living on the deep seafloor.

A defined geographic space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.

A phenomenon where corals lose their vibrant colors due to stress factors like warmer sea temperatures, which can lead to coral death and ecosystem disruption.

The ongoing decrease in pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, adversely affecting marine life.

The depletion of a fish stock by excessive fishing, threatening the stock's sustainability and the balance of the marine ecosystem.

Benefits provided by marine ecosystems that support human life and economic activity, including food provision, climate regulation, and opportunities for recreation.

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem, significant for maintaining ecological balance and resilience.

The position that an organism occupies in a food chain - what it eats, and what eats it.

A colloquial term for algal bloom, a phenomenon where marine or freshwater algae accumulate rapidly in the water and can produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds.

The open ocean zone, away from the shore and over the continental shelf, where the water column is deep and marine life is abundant.

Species that are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their range.

An oceanographic phenomenon involving wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water.

Small and often microscopic animals that drift in the sea's pelagic zone, forming a crucial component of the marine food web.