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Principles of Marine Ecology
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Disturbance
A disturbance is an event that causes a significant change in the structure or function of a marine ecosystem, leading to a succession process.
Limiting Factors
The growth, distribution, and abundance of marine organisms are influenced by limiting factors like nutrient availability, light, and oxygen levels.
Biogeography
Marine biogeography studies the distribution of marine species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
Productivity
Primary productivity in the ocean is the rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms to organic substances.
Conservation and Management
Marine conservation and management involve actions taken to maintain and restore the health of marine ecosystems, including the establishment of marine protected areas and sustainable fishing practices.
Biotic Interactions
Interactions among marine organisms, including predation, competition, and symbiosis, affect species distribution and ecosystem structure.
Keystone Species
A keystone species has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance, often influencing the structure of an entire ecosystem.
Succession
Ecological succession in marine environments describes the gradual process of change and replacement of species in an ecosystem.
Biodiversity
Marine biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of life in the ocean, from genes and species to ecosystems, which is vital for maintaining ecosystem services.
Nutrient Cycling
Marine nutrient cycling involves the movement and exchange of nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus among marine organisms and the environment.
Trophic Dynamics
Trophic dynamics describe the feeding relationships between organisms which influence energy distribution and biomass in the marine environment.
Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is the maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources.
Resilience
Resilience in marine ecosystems refers to the ability of an ecosystem to absorb disturbances and still maintain its basic function and structure.
Ecosystem Services
Marine ecosystem services are the benefits provided by marine ecosystems to humans, including food, climate regulation, and opportunities for recreation and tourism.
Energy Flow
Energy flow in marine ecosystems follows the path from primary producers to various levels of consumers and is ultimately lost as heat.
Ocean Zonation
Marine life is distributed in zones defined by depth and distance from the shore, which are characterized by distinct physical and biological conditions.
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