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Sea level rise is the increase in the level of the world's oceans due to the effects of climate change, primarily through the melting of ice and the expansion of sea water as it warms.

Thermohaline circulation is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes, influenced by temperature (thermal) and salinity (haline).

Red tides are algal blooms that occur in coastal waters, caused by a high concentration of certain microscopic algae that produce reddish pigments, often leading to the depletion of oxygen in the water and release of toxins.

Coral bleaching is the whitening of coral reefs due to stress, usually caused by temperature increases, which leads to the expulsion of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae).

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by living organisms in the ocean, commonly found in deep-sea creatures as a means of communication or predation.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, which can harm calcifying organisms.

ENSO is a periodic fluctuation in sea surface temperature and air pressure of the overlying atmosphere across the equatorial Pacific Ocean, impacting global weather patterns.

Mangrove forests are coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions, which act as important buffers against storm surges and provide habitat for a multitude of species.

Upwelling is the rising of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface, which fosters a bloom of marine life and is often found along the west coasts of continents.