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Indicators of Soil Health

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Organic Matter Content

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Measured through loss-on-ignition or wet chemistry methods; significant for nutrient supply, soil structure, and water retention.

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Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

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Measured by extracting cations using a chemical solution and quantifying them; reflects the soil's ability to hold and supply nutrients to plants.

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Soil Penetration Resistance

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Measured using a penetrometer; an indicator of soil compaction which can limit root penetration and water movement.

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Water Holding Capacity

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Assessed by saturating the soil and measuring the amount of water retained; relates to the soil's ability to supply water to plants.

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Soil pH

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Measured using a pH meter or pH paper; indicates the acidity or alkalinity of soil, which affects nutrient availability and microbial activity.

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Soil Texture

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Determined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay using a texture triangle or hydrometer method; influences water drainage and retention.

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Electrical Conductivity (EC)

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Measured with an EC meter; signifies the salt concentration in soil, which can affect plant growth and soil microbial processes.

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Soil Respiration

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Measured by capturing and quantifying CO2 released from soil microorganisms; a sign of microbial activity and soil fertility.

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Aggregate Stability

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Evaluated by wet sieving or rainfall simulators; informs about the soil's resistance to erosion and ability to promote water infiltration and root growth.

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Bulk Density

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Measured by collecting a known volume of soil and determining its dry weight; gives an indication of soil compaction which impacts root growth and water infiltration.

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