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Soil and Land Management Policies
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Clean Water Act (CWA)
Purpose: To regulate discharges of pollutants into waters of the United States and to manage quality standards for surface waters. Key Points: Establishes basic structure for regulating pollutants, sets wastewater standards, makes it unlawful to discharge any pollutant without a permit.
Food Security Act of 1985 (Swampbuster Provision)
Purpose: To discourage the conversion of wetlands into non-wetland areas for the purpose of agricultural production. Key Points: Prohibits farm program benefits for converted wetlands, encourages preservation of wetlands, contains restoration incentives for previously converted lands.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
Purpose: To control the distribution, sale, and use of pesticides. Key Points: Requires registration of all pesticides in the United States with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), regulates the use of pesticides to protect the environment, insists on proper labeling.
Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (RCA)
Purpose: To provide the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) with the authority to plan and implement soil and water conservation programs. Key Points: Assesses the condition of U.S soil and water resources, guides the USDA in policy making, ensures long-term sustainability of land and water.
Soil Erosion Act of 1935
Purpose: To establish measures for the prevention of soil erosion and to preserve natural resources. Key Points: Led to the creation of the Soil Conservation Service (now the Natural Resources Conservation Service), recognized the need for government support in soil conservation, served as a response to the Dust Bowl.
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977
Purpose: To reduce the risks to life and property from future earthquakes in the United States through the establishment and maintenance of an effective earthquake hazards reduction program. Key Points: Established the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), promotes research, monitoring, and preparedness, incorporates various agencies including FEMA, USGS, NSF, and NIST.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund)
Purpose: To provide a Federal program for cleanup of sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Key Points: Establishes prohibited acts related to hazardous substances, creates liability for persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste, facilitates the development of a National Priorities List.
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
Purpose: To reduce soil erosion and enhance environmental quality by converting environmentally sensitive land into vegetation cover. Key Points: Offers rental payments for farmers, contracts for 10-15 years, includes a variety of conservation practices.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Purpose: To govern the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. Key Points: Regulates active and future waste management facilities, sets guidelines for waste generation and transport, provides a framework for managing non-hazardous solid wastes.
Desert Land Act of 1877
Purpose: To promote the economic development of the arid and semiarid public lands of the Western United States. Key Points: Allowed the sale of desert lands on the condition that they would be irrigated, served as an encouragement for dry land farming, had a profound effect on land distribution in the western states.
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