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Soil and Land Management Policies

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Clean Water Act (CWA)

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Purpose: To regulate discharges of pollutants into waters of the United States and to manage quality standards for surface waters. Key Points: Establishes basic structure for regulating pollutants, sets wastewater standards, makes it unlawful to discharge any pollutant without a permit.

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Food Security Act of 1985 (Swampbuster Provision)

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Purpose: To discourage the conversion of wetlands into non-wetland areas for the purpose of agricultural production. Key Points: Prohibits farm program benefits for converted wetlands, encourages preservation of wetlands, contains restoration incentives for previously converted lands.

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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

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Purpose: To control the distribution, sale, and use of pesticides. Key Points: Requires registration of all pesticides in the United States with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), regulates the use of pesticides to protect the environment, insists on proper labeling.

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Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (RCA)

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Purpose: To provide the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) with the authority to plan and implement soil and water conservation programs. Key Points: Assesses the condition of U.S soil and water resources, guides the USDA in policy making, ensures long-term sustainability of land and water.

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Soil Erosion Act of 1935

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Purpose: To establish measures for the prevention of soil erosion and to preserve natural resources. Key Points: Led to the creation of the Soil Conservation Service (now the Natural Resources Conservation Service), recognized the need for government support in soil conservation, served as a response to the Dust Bowl.

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Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977

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Purpose: To reduce the risks to life and property from future earthquakes in the United States through the establishment and maintenance of an effective earthquake hazards reduction program. Key Points: Established the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), promotes research, monitoring, and preparedness, incorporates various agencies including FEMA, USGS, NSF, and NIST.

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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund)

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Purpose: To provide a Federal program for cleanup of sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Key Points: Establishes prohibited acts related to hazardous substances, creates liability for persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste, facilitates the development of a National Priorities List.

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Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)

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Purpose: To reduce soil erosion and enhance environmental quality by converting environmentally sensitive land into vegetation cover. Key Points: Offers rental payments for farmers, contracts for 10-15 years, includes a variety of conservation practices.

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

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Purpose: To govern the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. Key Points: Regulates active and future waste management facilities, sets guidelines for waste generation and transport, provides a framework for managing non-hazardous solid wastes.

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Desert Land Act of 1877

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Purpose: To promote the economic development of the arid and semiarid public lands of the Western United States. Key Points: Allowed the sale of desert lands on the condition that they would be irrigated, served as an encouragement for dry land farming, had a profound effect on land distribution in the western states.

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